HomeMy WebLinkAbout2008/05/27 Additional Information
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Help us Stop the
MMC Power Plant!
Dear California Energy Commissioners:
J strongly urge you to DENY the MMC permit
application tor the ChuJa Vista Energy Expansion Project
The project:
i. Too close to people, homes, and schools.
2. Makes bad air quality evell worse.
3. Violates the Chula Vista General Plan.
4. Continues the environmental injustice of
concentrating polluting energy projects in
community of color neighborhoods.
5. Sacrifices our health for profits.
City
Email
I give permISSion to Environmental Health
Coalition to use my name in public to support
the above position.
err' C@,ia!rbq!{;k"
~ GATEWAY
The Highway To The Pacific Rim
VIA HAND DELIVERY
May 27,2008
Mr. David R. Garcia
City Manager
City ofChula Vista
276 Fourth Avenue
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: Gateway Project - Setting the Record Straight on City/Agency Assistance and
Project Performance
Dear Mr. Garcia:
I was recently infonned that negative statements are being made by City officials, in
public, regarding the City's financial assistance for the Gateway project. Gateway
bashing, it appears, has also become popular among proponents of Proposition E. The
statements that I have heard-and now read-are grossly inaccurate, and show a lack of
understanding of how redevelopment is supposed to work.
With this letter I would like to set the record straight on Gateway. I would also like to
urge the City not to surrender to narrow minded challcnges to its redevelopment pro!,'fam.
The City's west side redevelopment efforts have now bogged down under the combined
weight and distractions of political gamesmanship, harassing litigation and budget cuts.
The City needs to overcome this negativity and press forward with the land use policies
and financial tools necessary to bring its General Plan Update and Urban Core Specific
Plans to life. By doing so, when the economy turns, thc City will be poised to attract and
implcment quality development. Make no mistake: public/private partnerships that
produce new, high quality projects of all types and sizes are necessary for the long term
vitality of the City's downtown.
The Gateway Project
I first conceived of the Gateway Project in the mid 1990's while the City's east side
began to boom. The project I envisioned would help initiate the renaissance orthe City's
west side. Thc project would replacc a hodgepodge of parcels and uses at a prominent
but underutilized site in the City's core; it would enhance the linkage of Third A venue
and thc H Street Corridor with an iconic, pedestrian friendly design. Most importantly,
as the City's first true "Class A" ottlce space, the project would attract new types of
tcnants, consumers and development to an underserved and underappreciated area of the
City.
, .333 H Street, Suite 6000, Chuta Vista, CA 91910 Phone: (619) 422.8400 I Facsimile: (619) 422.8100
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Despite its obvious bencfits, the challenge at the time was that the project was not
financially feasible. Property values and rents in the area simply didn't support the
desired level of projcct development quality. The Gatcway project was ahcad of its time.
But the project was highly desirable and the City committed to work with us on what
would turn out to be a model public/private partncrship. Over a period of 14 months, the
City's Redevelopment Agency staff and the Gateway development team hammered out
the details ofthe project's design and the types and amounts of assistance needed to make
this pioneering project work. As a key part of this process, the development proposal
was subjected to intense scrutiny by the City's financial consultant, Keyser Marsten and
Associates (KMA). KMA looked at the estimated project development costs and the
estimated ultimate value of the project; it allowed the developer an 11 % return on its
investment. All things considered, KMA concluded that approximately $7.36 million of
assistance was necessary to make all phases of the project fcasib]e. KMA also concluded
that the project would generatc a net present value of approximately $7.2 million in tax
increment revenues for the City's Redevelopment Agency. Significant annual sales tax
revcnues for City were also identified.
In thc end a dcal was struck that worked for all sidcs. First and foremost the Agency
required that the project be top quality, using an iconic design and high end building
materials (this was easy to agree to because that's what we intended all along). Next, a
maximum Icve] of Agency assistance was established bascd upon the KMA analysis of
the project's "feasibility gap". To assure that the Agency investment was secure, project
assistance was to be paid out in increments onlv when significant development
milestones were achievcd and onlv when, as a result, there was sufficient property tax
increment projected to pay back the Agency. The final subsidy payment was scheduled
to occur 2 years after the completion of Phase III and only to the extent that the project
excceded the projected tax increment taxes to be paid to the Agency. ]f for any rcason
the cost of the project was significantly less than the projected cost used to detennine the
maximum subsidy, thc amount of thc subsidy would be reduced accordingly. All told,
Agency assistance was limited to only what the project needed to be feasible, and to only
what the project would generatc in tax incremcnt revenues paid to the Agcncy. In other
words, the project paid for itself.
The project was also subjccted to intense public scrutiny and input. The project and thc
proposed Agency assistance were presented and considcred on multiple occasions at
public hearings before the Economic Deve]opment Committee and the Town Centre
Projcct Area Committee. Final project appro va] occurred at a noticed public hearing
before the City Council and Redevelopment Agency. The City's extensive analysis of
project costs and benefits, along with KMA's full report wcre discussed and made part of
the public record at this hearing. Special findings of public benefit and elimination of
blight werc made. Thereafter, the project's Specific Plan when through another round of
processing and scrutiny under the City's land use policies and CEQA.
Since its approval in June of 2000, the Gateway project has met or exceeded
expectations. Two phases of the project havc been constructed and the Project
performance and economics have bcen excellent. Although thc downturn in the cconomy
2
has presented challenges, and has delayed the construction of Phase III, the project has
still delivered and will continue to deliver on many levels. Currently, the project supports
550 quality jobs with a projected 1300 jobs at total build out. Thc tenant mix in Phases I
and II is excellent with a diverse array of local and national office and retail businesses.
Gateway's tenants provide services and products across many market sectors including
banking, securities, law, accounting, rcal estate, international trade, mcdical, home design
and restaurants. The project has also provided much needed space for the District
Attorney's office which outgrew its meagcr space allocation at the overwhelmcd South
Bay Regional Center. As a good neighbor, the project even provides weekend parking to
St. Rose of Lima Church. Project architecture and public art are standout features and
greatly enhance the urban landscape. The project received national attention in 2003
whcn it was awarded the Gold Nugget Award of Merit for its overall quality in building
design and redevelopment. To win this prestigious award Gateway was selected by a
panel of regional design professionals fi'om among 690 applicants.
Perhaps most notably, the project is now expected to exceed the original projections for
property tax revenues to the Agency. Using conservative value estimates, the fully
developed Gatcway project is now projected to generate a $2.5 million protit for the
Redevelopmcnt Agency through tax year 2020. Additional Agency profits will be
realized beyond this date as the Agcncy will continue to collect tax incrcment for
approximately70 % of the project through 2024 and for the remaining 30 % of the project
through 2034. Additional tax revenues tor the City have and will continue to accrue in
the fonn of sales taxes and business license fees, and other spin off benefits of taxes
generated at surrounding businesses. In other words, while the project was originally
expected and required to "pay tor itself' the project is now expected to pay for itself and
generate additional revenues to the City and the Agency. These project "profits" for the
City and Agency will bc available to fund both City general services and other west side
redevelopmcnt projects.
The Redevelopment Process and the Future of Redevelopment in Chula Vista
If an important project comes along that can't bc built by the private market alone,
Redevelopment Agencies are in the business of closing the feasibility gap with financial
assistance, expedited processing, and creativc forms of public private partnerships.
Redevelopment Agencies are creatcd tor this very purpose and provide assistance only
after extensive analysis of project costs and benefits to the community. The approval
process is completely public, with multi pic opportunities for community input. The
Gateway projcct went through this rigorous process and passed with flying colors. The
project itself has been a success story tor the City and the community on many levels.
The City needs to be careful not to turn its back on its investments and to see projects
through regardless of changes in the makeup of the Councilor the political climate. In
thc past, when Gateway ran into an issue with its primary lender in achieving leasing
thrcsholds, the City worked with the devclopcr to restructure the Agency contribution
into a lease tor financing purposes. The lease did not increase the amount of the
Agency's investment in the project becausc the Agency's lease payments were otfset
against the Agency's existing financial commitment. (In fact, thc lease a1Tangement
3
actually postponcs payments from the Agency to the developer compared to the original
agreement by spreading them out over the tenn of the lease.) For pioneering projects like
Gateway, there are sure to be twists and turns in the development process. In this case,
the City's willingness to be supportive and creative throughout the development process
was crucial in helping Gateway to overcome its obstacles.
Because a project gets a subsidy does not mean that the City is corrupt or that the
developer yields undue influence. City officials know better, and negative, inaccurate
statements by public officials and others who should also know better are very
disappointing. Such statements are also very likely to discourage future redevelopment
efforts. Developers don't want to invest in an environment that is not supportive and
presumes wrongdoing at every turn. Discouraging new development is what some
people in the community want, but certainly not the majority. The City and the west side
community needs support for redevelopment and an appreciation and understanding of
the process and its benefits. We cannot afford to miss the next development cycle (as
many think we did with delays to the GPU and the UCSP). Rigorous, honest and
continuous interaction with the community on redevelopment should continue and the
City Council and City staff needs to march forward.
Thank you in advance for your consideration of the points in this letter and for your
continued support of the Gateway project. I remain hopeful that the City can tind the
foresight and courage to continue with its program for west side renaissance, to support
good projects like Gateway, and to send the right message to the development community
that the City is willing to be a good partner in support of quality redevelopment.
I f you have any further questions about the Gateway project, past or future, or would like
to see more detailed information regarding project financial perfonnance or tenant mix,
please do not hesitate to call me.
incerely, ,"
Gateway Ch (,Ia Vista'
Jim Pieri
Managing Member
ce. Mayor Cheryl Cox
City Council Members
Jerry Rindone
Steve Castaneda
John McCann
Rudy Ramirez
4
Joseph 1. Ellis, Sergeant Major, United States Marine Corps
Page 1 of 20
Arr~rowt'~~yW~
Joseph J. Ellis
Sergeant Major, United States Marine Corps
NEWS RELEASES from the United States Department of Defense
No. 157-07 IMMEDIATE RELEASE
February 9, 2007
Media Contact: (703) 697-5131/697-5132
PubliclIndustry(703) 428-0711
DoD Identifies Marine Casualty
The Department of Defense announced today the death of a Marine who was
supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom. Sergeant Major Joseph J. Ellis, 40, of
Ashland, Ohio, died February 7,2007, while conducting combat operations in AI
Anbar province, Iraq. Ellis was assigned to Battalion Landing Team 2nd Battalion,
4th Marine Regiment, 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations
Capable), I Marine Expeditionary Force, Camp Pendleton, California.
For further information in regard to this release the media can contact the Camp
.Pendleton public affairs office at (760) 725-5044.
February 13. 2007
Marine volunteered for 3 tours in Iraq until he was killed
A Marine killed hy a suicide bomber last week had planned to retire in North
Carolina this summer after volunteering for three tours in Iraq, his daughter said.
Sergeant Major Joseph J. Ellis, 40, of Ashland, Ohio, died February 7, 2007, in Iraq's
Anbar province west of Baghdad. He was assigned to the Battalion Landing Team
2nd Battalion, 4th Marine Regiment, 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special
Operations Capable), I Marine Expeditionary Force, at Camp Pendleton, California.
"I always thought he wouldn't be one of those people who wouldn't come home," said
Rachael Ellis, 20, on Monday. "In my eyes, he was Superman."
Joseph Ellis enlisted in the Marines at age 17 after graduating from Ashland High
School, devoting himself to advancement in the military.
He was set to return to the United States this month and planned to retire in May and
move to North Carolina, said his daughter, a nursing student who lives in Myrtle
Beach, South Carolina.
He also is survived by his wife, Deborah, and her three children, of Camp Pendleton;
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Joseph 1. Ellis, Sergeant Major, United States Marine Corps
Page 2 of20
his former wife of 17 years, Traci, of Perrysvillej his parents and five siblings. Ellis
will be buried February 21, 2007, at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia. No
services in Ohio are planned.
Ellis served with the Marines in Ohio, Hawaii, California and North Carolina. He
was deployed to Saudia Arabia in 1990 in the first Gulf War.
The military told Traci and Rachael Ellis that he was doing a routine checkpoint
search when he approached a suspicious man who detonated a suicide bomb, killing
him and injuring another Marine. A message seeking comment was sent to Camp
Pendleton.
"He just wanted to make a difference," Rachael Ellis said. "Anytime he was asked to
go somewhere, even times when he didn't have to, he would. He wanted to be there
for his troops."
A 23-year Marine veteran who had achieved the highest enlisted rank in the Corps
died Wednesday in Iraq, according to the Pentagon.
Sergeant Major Joseph J. Ellis, 40, of Ashland, Ohio, was the sergeant major of
Battalion Landing Team, 2nd Battalion, 4th Marine Regiment, 15 Marine
Expeditionary Unit, which is a special operations team. The expeditionary unit is
part of Camp Pendleton's I Marine Expeditionary Force.
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According to biographical information from the unit, Ellis joined the Marines in 1984
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Joseph J. Ellis, Sergeant Major, United States Marine Corps
Page 3 of 20
and moved up the enlisted ranks, mostly in reconnaissance units. He served in Saudi
Arabia during Operation Desert Storm, and later served in Hawaii, North Carolina
and on Camp Pendleton.
Little information about Ellis' death was available Friday evening. He dicd the same
day and in the same region as the downing of a helicopter carrying seven U.S. troops,
including two Marine pilots. It was not immediately clear whether Ellis died in the
helicopter incident or elsewhere in the Anbar province.
His death brings the number of Camp Pendleton- and Miramar-based Marines to die
in the war to at least 324.
Family members of Ellis could not be reached for comment. Ellis' military biography
sketches out a career in communications and reconnaissance. He servcd as a radio
operator aud supervisor in Japan, and a communications instructor for an infantry
school on Camp Pendleton.
After spending more than a year in the Middle East during the first Gulf War, he
returned to Camp Pendleton as a company communications chief. He served a
recruiting duty stint in Cleveland, just north of his hometown of Ashland, for three
years, and then served a tour in Hawaii as a radio chief and a battalion
communications chief.
As he continued to move through the ranks, he served as an infantry school
instructor until the start ofthe Iraq war in 2003, when he returned to Iraq with the
2nd Battalion, 4th Marines. He was named the battalion's sergeant major in
December of 2004.
Ellis' awards, according to his military biography, include the Meritorious Service
Medal, the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal with combat distinction
and one gold star, the Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal with one gold star
and the Combat Action Ribbon with one gold star.
A U.S. Marine from Ashland was killed Wednesday in Iraq in a helicopter crash,
according to a story on ArmyTimes.com.
Sergeant Major Joseph J. Ellis was the top enlisted man with a Camp Pendleton,
California-based infantry battalion.
Ellis, 40, was the sergeant major for Battalion Landing Team 2nd Battalion, 4th
Marine Regiment, which is operating in Iraq as the ground combat force for the 15th
Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable).
Ellis joined 2/4 in late 2003 and deployed to Iraq as the Headquarters and Service
Company first sergeant. He became the battalion sergeant major on Dec. 17,2004.
Among his personal awards and decoratious are the Navy-Marine Corps
L1
Joseph 1. Ellis, Sergeant Major, United States Marine Corps
Page 4 of20
Commendation Medal with combat "V" and two gold stars and two awards of the
Combat Action Ribbon.
The 22-year Marine veteran also served in the Persian Gulf during operations Desert
. Shield and Desert Storm, according to a U.S. Marine Corps Web sitc.
As a sergeant major, Ellis had reached the highest enlisted rank in the Marine Corps.
According to a U.S. Marine Corps Web site, Ellis attcnded Recruit Training at
Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, S.c., where he graduated meritoriously
as private first class.
After graduation from MCRD in October 1984, he attended thc Ficld Radio
Operators Course at Field Skills Training School, Camp Pendleton, Calif., where he
was promoted to lance corporal upon graduation. After basic skills training, he
received orders to remain on staff at the training school as an instructor.
While teaching, Ellis attended several schools and training programs, including the
Wire Communications Course, Morse Code Operators Course, NCO Academy,
Instructor Orientation Course and Curriculum Developers Course. During his
assignment he was meritoriously promoted to the rank of corporal Dec. 2, 1985. He
served as an instructor until June 1987.
In June 1987, Ellis reported for duty with 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion, Okinawa,
Japan. While there, he served as a team communicator, company communications
NCO and radio supervisor in the battalion communications platoon.
In June of 1988, Ellis received orders back to Camp Pendleton for duty with the
School ofInfantry, where he served as radio supervisor in the communications
platoon.
While there, he also served as communications instructor for the Infantry Training
Battalion and the recently developed Marine Combat Training Battalion. It was here
that he was promoted to sergeant in October 1988.
In January 1990, Ellis transferred to 1st Force Reconnaissance Company at Camp
Pendleton. His first assignment was as platoon communications and special
equipment NCO for thc 6th platoon.
Fast Facts
. Particles that are less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter are
known as "fine" particles; those larger than 2.5 micrometers,
but less than 10 micrometers, are known as "coarse" particles.
. Fine particles are easily inhaled deep into the lungs where they
may accumulate, react, be cleared or absorbed.
. Scientific studies have linked particle pollution, especially fine
particles, with a series of significant health problems, including:
o increased respiratory symptoms, such as irritation of
the airways, coughing, or difficulty breathing, for
example;
o decreased lung function;
o aggravated asthma;
o development of chronic bronchitis;
o irregular heartbeat;
o nonfatal heart attacks; and
o premature death in people with heart or lung disease.
. Particle pollution can cause coughing, wheezing, and
decreased lung function even in otherwise healthy children
and adults.
. Studies estimate that thousands of elderly people die
prematurely each year from exposure to fine particles.
. The average adult breathes 3,000 gallons of air per day.
. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, children and
infants are among the most susceptibie to many air pollutants.
Children have increased exposure compared with adults
because of higher minute ventilation and higher levels of
physical activity.
. Fine particles can remain suspended in the air and travel long
distances. For example, a puff of exhaust from a diesel truck
in Los Angeles can end up over the Grand Canyon.
. Some of the pollutants which form haze have also been linked
to serious health problems and environmental damage.
. Particle pollution settles on soil and water and harms the
environment by changing the nutrient and chemical balance.
. Particle pollution, unlike ozone, can OCcur year-round.
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E.3 DOSIMETRY OF PARTICULATE MATTER
2 Dosimetry establishes the relationship between PM exposure and the dose of inhaled PM
delivered to and retained at the target site. Deposition, clearance, translocation, and retention
comprise the essential clements of dosimetry.
3 Dosimetric information is critical to extrapolating effects found in controlled exposure
studies of laboratory animals to those observed in human exposure studies and for relating
effects in normal healthy persons to those in potentially susceptible persons,
4 Dosin;1etry_separates the respiratory tract into three regions, extrathoraeie (ET),
tracheobronchial (TB), and alveolar (A), based on anatomical features and particle deposition
and clearance phenomena that occur within each region,
5 . Particles in the accumulation mode size range (0, I to 1,0 ,tm Dp) have the lowest deposition
fraction in all three regions,
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6 Coarse and ultratlne particles have higher fractional depositio~: For coarse particles,
fractional deposition peaks between 5 and 10 flm Dp for the TB region and 2.5 and 5 flm Dp
for the A region,
7 For ultra fine particles, fractional deposition peaks between 0,0025 and 0,005 'flm Dr for the
TB region and between 0.0 I and 0,05 for the A region,
8 A significant fraction of ultrafine and coarse particles, but not particles in the aeeumulation-
mode size range, arc deposited in the ET region,
9 Such transport could provide a mechanism whereby particles could affect cardiovascular
function as reported in the epidemiologic studies
10 . Fractional deposition, as a function of particle size, depends on lung size, tidal volume, and
breathing rate. Exercising subjects receive higher doses of particles per em' oflung surface
than subjects at rest
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. Airway structure and physiological functiun vary with age. Such variations may alter the
deposition patterns for inhaled particles. Airflow distribution is very uneven in diseascd
lungs, and dcposition can bc cnhanced locally in arcas of active ventilation. Total lung
deposition is generally increased by obstmcted airways so that particle deposition can be
enhanced in people with chronic lung discase. Unfortunately, deposition studics in another
susceptible population, thc clderly, arc still lacking.
2 Particles depositing on airway surfaces may be completely cleared from the rcspiratory tract
or translocated to other sites within this system by regionally specific clearance mechanisms.
Clcarance is either absorptive (dissolution) or nonabsorptive (transport of intact particles).
Deposited particles may bc dissolved in body fluids, takcn up by phagocytic cells, or
transported by the mucociliary system. Retaincd particles tend to be small (< 2.5 flm) and
poorly soluble (e.g., silica, metals). Ultrafine particles can be rapidly cleared from the lungs
into the systcmic circulation where they can be transported to extra pulmonary regions.
3
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Tracheobronchial clearance has both a fast and a slow component. In the fast phase particles
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dcposited in the TB region clear out rapidly during the first several hours and continue to
clear out for 24 hours. A small remaining portion may clear out over several days (slow
phasc). Translocation of poorly soluble PM to the lymph nodes takes a few days and is more
rapid for smaller (< 2 flm) particles; elimination rates of these retained particles arc on the
order of years. Pcople with COPD have inereascd particle retention partly bccause of
incrcascd initial deposition and impaired mucociliary clearance and use cough to augment
mucociliary clearance.
4 Alvcolar clcarance takes months to years. Particlcs may be taken up by alveolar
macrophages within 24 hours, but somc phagocytosed macrophages translocate into the
interstitium or lymphatics whereas some remain on the alveolar surface. Penctration of
un ingested particles into the interstitium increases with increasing particle load and results in
increased translocation to lymph nodes.
5 Acutc effccts of PM arc probably best relatcd to deposited dose; whercas chronic effects may
be related to cumulative or retained dosc. Retcntion of particles is a hmction of deposition
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site, clearance of particles by macrophages or the mucociliary systcm, and particle
characteristics, especially solubility. Chronic effects may also arise from recurring cycles of
pulmonary injury and repair.
6 Computational modcls allow calculation of fractional deposition and dosc per cm' of lung
surface as a function of particle size and respiratory parameters for humans and some animals
(including the laboratory rat). Such calculations can be uscd to predict the exposures needed
to produce comparable doses for animal to human extrapolation. Computational models have
been improved in recent years but experimental validation of model predictions is still
required.
7
8 EA TOXICOLOGY OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN HUMANS AND
9 LABORATORY ANIMALS
10 EA.! Health Effects of Specific PM Componen,ts
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II There is relatively little new information on the effe6ts of acid aerosols, and the conclusions
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of the 1996 PM AQCD, i.e., Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter (U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1996a), are unchanged. It was previously concluded that acid aerosols
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cause little or no change in pulmonary function in healthy subjects, but asthmatics may
develop small changes in pulmonary function. Although pulmonary effects of acid aerosols
have been the subject of extensive research in past decades, the cardiovascular effects of acid
aerosols have received little attention and should not be mled out as possible mediators of
PM health effects.
12 Health effects of particle-associated soluble metals have been demonstrated by in vivo and
in vitro studies using residual oil fly ash (ROF A) or soluble transition metals. Although
there arc some uncertainties about differential effects of one transition metal versus another,
water soluble metals leached from ROF A or ambient filter extracts have been shown
consistently (albeit at high concentrations) to cause cell injury and inflammatory changes
in vitro and in vivo.
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Even though it is clear that combustion particles that have a high content of soluble metals
can cause lung injury and even death in compromised animals and correlate well with
epidemiologic findings in some cases (e.g., Utah Valley Studies), it has not been fully
established that the small quantities of metals associated with ambient PM are suftlcient to
cause health effects. Moreover, it cannot be assumed that metals are the only or the primary
toxic component of ambient PM, rather than there possibly being many different toxic agents
contributing to ambient PM health effects.
2 . There is growing toxicological evidence that diesel exhaust particles exacerbate the allergic
response to inhaled antigens. The organic fraction of diesel exhaust has been linked to
eosinophil degranulation and induction of eytokine production, suggesting that thc organic
constituents of diesel PM are the responsible part for the immune effects. It is not known
whether the adjuvant-like activity of diesel PM is unique or whcther other combustion
particlcs have similar effects. It is important to comparc the immune effccts of other
source-specific emissions, as well as concentrated ambient PM, to diesel PM to determine'" ,
the extent to which exposure to diesel exhaust may contribute to the incidence and seve~ity .
of allergic rhinitis and asthma.
3
4
5
Published research on the acute effects of particle-associated organic carbon constituents is
conspicuous by its relative absence, exccpt for diesel exhaust particlcs.
Studies with ultrafinc particles have demonstrated a significantly greatcr inflammatory
response than that sccn with finc particles of the same chcmical composition at similar mass
doses. In other more limited studies, ultrafines also havc generated greater oxidative stress
in experimental animals. However, when the particle surface area is used as a dose metric,
the inflammatory response to both fine and ultraflne particles may be basically the same.
Thus, it may be thc higher surface area of ultrafine particles is the important factors
contributing to health cffects.
Concentrated ambient particle (CAPS) studies should be among the most relevant in helping
to understand the characteristics of PM producing toxicity, susceptibility of individuals to
PM, and the underlying mechanisms. Stlldies have used collected urban PM for intratracheal
administration to healthy and compromised animals. Despite the difficulties in extrapolating
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from the bolus dclivcry used in such s(udics, they have provided strong evidence that the
chemical composition of ambient particles can have a major influence on toxicity.
6 . Ambient particle concentrators, that concentrate particles in situ, provide particles for
inhalation studies. The conccntration of particles without collection avoids the changes in
size and composition that occur during collection during collection and resuspcnsion.
Studies with inhaled CAPs have obscrved cardiopulmonary changcs in rodcnts and dogs at
high concentrations of PM between 0.15 and 2.5 ~m diameter. A new generation of ambient
particle concentrators that allow separation and concentration of coarse-mode, accumulation-
mode, and ultrafine particle separately will permit the direct toxicological comparison of
these various ambient particlc sizes.
7 Recent studies support the conclusion of the 1996 PM AQCD, which stated that bioaerosols,
at concentrations present in the ambient environment, cannot account for the reported health
cffects of ambient PM. Howevcr, it is possible that bioaerosols could contribute to the health
, .
effects of PM.
1 "
8
9 E.4.2 Mechanisms of: Action
10 E.4.2.1 Cardiovascular Effects
11 . Changes in heart rate, heart rate variability, and conductance associated with ambient PM
exposure have been rep0l1ed in animal studies, in several human panel studies, and in a
reanalysis of data from the MONICA study. Some of these studies included cndpoints
rclated to respiratory effects but few significant adverse respiratory changes were detected.
This raises the possibility that ambient PM may have effects on the heart that are
independent of adverse changes in the lung.
12 . Inhaled particulate matter affects the heart by uptake of particles into the circulation
or release of a soluble substances into the circulation.
13 Inhaled particulate matter affects autonomic control of the heart and cardiovascular system.
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15
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EA.2.2 Respiratory Effects
2 . Particularly compelling evidence pointing towards ambicnt PM causing lung injury and
inflammation dcrives Irom the study of ambient PM materials on filter cxtracts collected
from community air monitors before, during the temporary closing of a steel mill in Utah
Valley, and aftcr its reopcning. Intratraehcal instillation of filter cxtract matcrials in human
volunteers provoked greater lung inflammatory responscs for materials obtained beforc and
after the temporary closing versus that collectcd during the plant closing. Further, the
instillation in rats of extract materials from bcfore and after the plant closing rcsultcd in a
50% increase in air way hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine compared to 17 or 25%
increases with saline or extract materials for the period when the plant was closed,
respectively. Analysis of the extract materials revealed notably greater quantities of metals
for when thc plant was opened suggesting that such metals (e.g., Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb, As, Mn, Nil
may be important contributors to the pulmonary toxicity observed in the controlled exposure
studies, as well as to health effects shown epidemiologically to vary with PM exposures of
Utah Valley residents bcfore, during, and after the steel mill closing.
3 . Still other toxicological studies point towards lung injury and inflammation being associated
with exposure of lung tissue to complcx combustion-rclated PM materials,. with mctals again
being likely contributors. Rats with SO,-induccd bronchitis and monocrotaline-treated rats
have been rcported to have a grcater inflammatory response to concentrated ambient PM
than normal rats. These studies suggest that exacerbation ofrespiratory disease by ambient
PM may be causcd in part by lung injury and inflammation.
4 . Particulate air pollution causes increased susceptibility to respiratory infcctions. Exposure
of rats to ROFA and L. I/lonocylogenes, a bacterial pathogen, led rats treated with saline or
L. I/lonocylogenes in the absence ofROFA. Preexposure of rats to ROFA significantly
enhanced injury and delayed the pulmonary clearance of a subsequent challenge of L.
I/lonocylogenes, when compared to saline-treatcd control rats. Acute exposure to ROF A
appeared to slow pulmonary clearance of L. I/lonocylogenes and to alter AM function. Such
changes could lead to incrcased susceptibility to lung infection in exposed populations.
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. Particulate air pollution increases airway reactivity and exacerbates asthma. Diesel
pal1iculate matter (DPM) has becn shown to increase production of antigen-specific IgE in
mice and humans. In vitro studies have suggested that thc organic fraction of DPM is
involved in thc increased IgE production. ROF A leachate also has beeu shown to enhance
antigen-specific airway reactivity in mice, indicating that soluble metals can also enhance an
allergic responsc.
2
3 E.4.2.3 Systemic Effects Secondary to Lung Injury
4 . Lung injury from inhaled PM causes impairment of oxygenation and increased work of
breathing that adversely affects the heart.
5 . Lung inflammation and cytokine production cause adverse systemic hemodynamic effects.
6 . Lung inflammation from inhaled PM causes increased blood coagulability that increases the
risk of heart attacks and strokes.
7 . Interaction of PM with the lung affects hematopoiesis.
8
9 E.4.3 Susceptibility
10 Older animals or animals with ecrtain types of compromised health, either genetic or
induced, arc more susceptible to instilled or inhaled particles, although the increascd animal-
to-animal variability in these models has created greater uncertainty for the interpretation of
the findings. Moreover, because PM scems to affect broad categories of disease states,
ranging from cardiac arrhythmias to pulmonary infection, it can be difficult to know what
disease models to use in evaluating the biological plausibility of adverse health effects of
PM. Nevertheless, particularly interesting new findings point toward ambient PM
exacerbation of allergic airway hyperresponsiveness and/or antigen-induced immune
responses. Both metals and diesel particles have been implicated, with an expanding array of
new studies showing DPM in particular as being effective in exacerbating allergic asthma
responses.
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I E.5 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED
2 WITH AMBIENT PARTICULATE MATTER
3 Chapter 8 of this document assesses the extensive PM epidemiologic data base that has
4 become newly available since the 1996 PM AQCD. The most important types of additions to
5 the epidemiologic database beyond that assessed in the 1996 PM AQCD include the following:
6 . New multi-city studies on a variety of endpoints which provide more precise estimates of the
average PM effect sizes than most smaller-scale individual city studies;
7 . More studies of various health endpoints using ambient PMIO and/or closely related mass
concentration indices (e.g., PMIJ and PM,), which substantially lessen the need to rely on
non-gravimetric indices (e.g., BS or CoH);
8 . New studies evaluating rclationships of a variety of health endpoints to the ambient PM
coarse fraction (PMlO_2,), the ambient fine-particle fraction (PM,.5)' and even ambient
ultrafine particles measures (PMo.l and smaller), using direct mass measurements and/or.
estimated from site~speeifie calibrations;
9 A few new studies in which the relationship of some health endpoints to ambient particle
number concentrations were evaluated;
10 . Many new studies which evaluated the sensitivity of estimated PM effects to the inclusion of
gaseous co-pollutants in the model;
II . Preliminary attempts to evaluate the effects combinations or mixtures of air pollutants
including PM components, based on factor analysis or source profiles;
12 . Numerous new studies of cardiovascular endpoints, with particular emphasis on assessment
of cardiovascular risk factors as well as symptoms;
13 . Additional new studies on asthma and other respiratory conditions potentially exacerbated
by PM exposure;
14 . New analyses of lung cancer associations with long-term exposures to ambient PM;
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Ncw studies of infants and children as a potentially susceptible population.
2' Tn addition, Chapter 8 discusses statistical issues posed by USe of General Additive Mode
3 (GAM) analyses involving default convergence criteria in widely used commcrcially-available
4 software employed in time-series analyses of ambient PM-health effects relationship reported in
5 a few published studies assessed in the 1996 PM AQCD and in numerous more recent studies
6 assessed in the present PM AQCD. This includes discussion of the following key points:
7 . Use of GAM analyses with default convcrgence criteria (GAM default) has variable impacts
on PM effect size estirhates from study to study, depending on many factors (numbers of
observations, numbers of potential effect modifiers or potential confounders included,
specific "smoothing" approaches used to control for their effects, numbcrs of degrees of
freedom used, etc.). The effect ofGAM (default) use tends most often to be some
(unusually only slight) overestimation of the PM effect size compared to results obtained
with use of GAM with stringent convergence criteria or other appropriate modeling
approaches, e.g., g'encrallinear models (GLM).
8 . The results of EPA-encouraged reanalyses of a number of (> 35) of important PM time-
series analyses comparing PM effect sizes and standard error (confidence interval) estimates
trom GAM (default) analyses versus GAM (stringent) or other appropriate statistical
approaches (GLM). These reanalyses appear in a Health Effects Tnstitute Special Report
(HET, 2003) that includes not only short communications on the GAM reanalyses by the
original investigators, but also commentaries on the reanalyses and their implications for
interpreting the PM timc-series analyses results by a spccial peer-review panel convcned by
HET at EPA's request.
9
10 E.5.2 Key Epidemiologic Findings
11 The epidemiologic studies discussed in Chapter 8 demonstrate biologically-plausible
12 responses in humans expos cd at ambient concentrations. These observational stndy findings arc
13 further enhanced by supportive findings of causal studies from other scientific disciplines
14 (dosimetry, toxicology, etc.), in which other factors could be cxperimentally controlled, as
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discussed in Chapters 6 and 7. The most salient findings derivcd from the PM epidemiologic
2 studies include the following:
3 . A large and reasonably convincing body of epidemiology evidence confinns earlier
associations bctween short- and long-tenn ambient PMIO exposures (inferred from stationary
community air monitor measures) and mortality/morbidity effects and suggest that PM,o
(or onc or more PM,o components) is a probable contributing cause of adverse human health
effects.
4 . There appears to be some spatial heterogeneity in city-specific excess risk estimates for the
relationships between short-tenn ambient PMIO concentrations and acute health effects. The
reasons for such variation in effects estimates arc not well understood at this time but do not
negate ambient PM's likely causative contribution to observed PM-mortality and/or
morbidity associations in many locations. Possible factors contributing to the apparent
heterogeneity include geographic differences in air pollution mixtures, composition of PM
components, and personal and soeiodelnographie factors affecting PM exposure (such as use
of air conditioners, education, and so on).
5 . A growing body of epidemiologic studies confirm associations between short- and long-term
ambient PM,s exposures (inferred from stationary air monitor measures) and adverse health
effects and suggest that PM2.5 (or one or more PM,s components) is a probable contributing
cause of observed PM-associated health effects. Some new epidemiologic findings also
suggest that health effects arc associated with mass or number concentrations of ultrafine
(nuclei-mode) particles, but not necessarily more so than for other ambient fine PM
components.
6 . A smaller body of evidence appears to support an association between short-term ambient
thoracic coarse fraction (PMIO_25) exposures (inferred from stationary air monitor measures)
and short-term health effects in epidemiologic studies. This suggests that PM 10-25' or some
constituent component(s) of PM,o_2." may be a contributory cause of adverse health effects
in some locations. Reasons for differences among findings on coarse-particle health effects
reportcd for different cities are still poorly understood, but several of the locations where
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significant PM]o.,., cffects have been observed (e.g., Phoenix, Mexico City, Santiago) tend to
be in drier climates and may have contributions to ohserved effects due to higher levels of
organic particles from biogenic processes (endotoxins, molds, etc.) during warm months.
Other studies suggest that particles of crustal origin are generally unlikely to exert notable
health effects under most ambient exposure conditions. Also, in some western U.S. cities
where PM]o.,., is a large part ofPM]o, the relationship between hospital admissions and PM]O
may be an indicator of response to coarse thoracic particles from wood burning.
7 . Long-term PM exposure durations, on thc order of months to years, as wcll as on thc order
of a few days, arc statistically associated with serious human health effects (indexed by
mortality, hospital admissions/medical visits, etc.). More chronic PM exposures, on thc
order of years or decades, appear to be associated with life shortcning well beyond that
accounted for by thc simple accumulation of the more acutc effects of short-term PM
exposures (on the order ofa few days). Substantial uncertainties remain regarding the
magnitude of and mechanisms underlying chronic health effects of long-term PM exposures,
. and the relationship between chronic exposure and acute responses to short-term exposure. .
8 . Recent investigations of the public health implications of such chronic PM exposure- R
mortality effect estimates were also reviewed. Life table calculations by Brunekrcef (1997)
found that relatively small differences in long-term exposure to airborne PM of ambient
origin can have substantial cffects on life expectancy. For cxample,a calculation for the
1969-71 life table for U.S. white males indicated that a chronic exposure increase of
10 flg/mJ'PM was associated with a reduction of 1.3 years for the entire population's life
expectancy at age 25. Also, new evidence of associations of PM exposure with infant
mortality and/or intrauterine growth retardation and consequent increase risk for many
serious health conditions associated with low birth weight, if further substantiated, would
imply that life shortening in the entire population from long-term PM exposure could well
be significantly larger than that estimated by Brunckreef (1997).
9 . Considerable coherence exists among effcct size estimatcs for ambient PM health effects.
For example, results derived from several multi-city studies, based on pooled analyses of
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data combined across multiple cities (thought to yield thc most precise estimates of mcan
effect size), show the perccnt excess total (non-accidental) deaths estimated per 50 jlg/m3
increase in 24-h PMIO to be -1.4% in the 90 largest U.S. cities with the estimate for the
Northeast being the largest (approximately twice the nationwide estimate); -3.4% in
10 large U.S. citics; -3.6% in the 8 largest Canadian cities; and -3.0% in western European
cities. These combined estimates are consistent with the range of PM]O estimates previously
reportcd in the 1996 PM AQCD. These and exccss risk estimates from many other
individual-city studies, generally falling in thc range of ca. 1.5 to 8.0% per 50 jlg/m3 24-h
PMIO incrcmcnt, also comport wcll with numerous ncw studies confinning increased causc-
specific cardiovascular- aud respiratory-related mortality. They are also coherent with larger
efFcct sizes rcported for cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions and visits, as
would be expected for these morbidity endpoints versus those for PMIO-related mortality.
10 . Several independent panel studies (but not all) that evaluated temporal associations betwcen
PM exposures and measures of heart beat rhythm in elderly subjects provide generally. ".',
consistent indications of decreased heart rate variability (HRV) being associated with
ambient PM exposure (decreased HRV being an indicator ofincrcased risk for serious
cardiovascular outcomcs, e.g., heart attacks). Other studies point toward changes in blood
characteristics (e.g., C-reactive protein levels) related to increased risk of ischemic heart
disease also being associated with ambient PM exposures. However, these heart rhythm and
blood characteristics findings should currently be viewcd as providing only limited or
preliminary support for PM-related cardiovascular effects.
II . Notable new cvidence now exists which substantiates positive associations between ambient
PM concentrations and increased respiratory-related hospital admissions, emergency
department, and othcr medical visits, particularly in relation to PM]" levels. OFmuch
interest arc ncw findings tcnding to implicate not only fine particlc components but also
coarse thoracic (c.g., PM,,).25) partieles as likely contributing to exacerbation of asthma
conditions. Also of much interest arc emcrging new findings indicative of likely increascd
occurrcnce of chronic bronchitis in association with (especially chronic) PM cxposure. Also
of particular interest arc reanalyses or extcnsions of earlier prospective cohort studies of
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long-term ambient PM exposure effects which demonstrate substantial evidence for
association of increased lung cancer risk with such PM exposures, especially exposure to
fine PM or its subcomponents.
12 . One major methodological issue affecting epidemiologic studies of both short-term and
long-term PM exposure effects is that ambient PM of varying size ranges is typically found
in association with other air pollutants, including gaseous criteria pollutants (e.g, 03, NO"
SO" CO), air taxies, and/or bioaerosols. Available statistical methods for assessing
potential confounding arising from these associations may not yet be fully adequate. The
inclusion of multiple pollutants often produces statistically unstable estimates. Omission of
other pollutants may incorrectly attribute their independent effects to PM. Second-stage
regression methods may have certain pitfalls that have not yet been fully evaluated. Much
progress in sorting out rclative contributions of ambient PM components versus other
co-pollutants is nevertheless being made and, overall, tends to substantiate that observed PM
effects are at least partly due to, ambient PM acting alone or in the presence of other
eovarying gaseous pollutants. However, the statistical association of health effects with PM
acting alone or with other pollutants should not be taken as an indicator of a lack of etfect of
the other pollutants. . .
13 . It is possible that differences in observed health effects will be found to depend on site-
specific differcnees in chemical and physical composition characteristics of ambient
particles and on factors affecting exposure (such as air conditioning) as well as on
differences in PM mass concentration. For example, epidemiologic Utah Valley studies
showed that PM]O particles, known to be richer in metals during exposure periods while the
steel mill was operating, were more highly associated with adverse health effects than was
PM III during the PM exposure reduction whilc the steel mill was closed. In contrast, PM]D or
PM,.5 was relativcly higher in crustal particles during windblown dust episodes in Spokane
and in three central Utah sites than at other times, but was not associated with higher total
mortality. These differences require more research that may become more feasible as the
PM,.5 sampling network produces air quality data related to speeiated samples.
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. The above reasons snggest it is inadvisable to pool PM epidemiologic studies for different
locations or time periods, with different population sub-groups, or different health endpoints
(as is often donc in "mcta-analyscs"), without careful assessment of potential causes and
consequences of these differences and appropriate caveating of results. Published multi-city
analyses using common data bascs, measurement methods, analytical strategies, and
extcnsive independent external review (as carried out in the APHEA and NMMAPS studies)
are useful. Poolcd analyses of more diverse collections of independent studies of different
citics, using varying methodology and/or data quality or representativeness, are likely less
credible and should not, in general, be used without careful assessment of their underlying
scientific comparability.
2 . It may bc possible that different PM size components or particles with different composition
or sources produce cffects by diffcrcnt mechanisms manifested at different lags or that
different preexisting conditions may lead to different delays between exposure and effect.
. '. '.' (rhus, although maximum effect sizes for PM effects have often been reported.for 0'1 day'
lags, evidencc is also beginning to suggest that more consideration should be given to lags of
sevcral days. Also, if it is considered that all health effects occurring at different-lag days
f' are all real effects, so that the risks for each lag day should be additive, then ovcrall risks
may exist that are highcr than implied by maximum estimates for any particular single or
two-day lags. In that case, multi-day averages or distributed lag models may provide more
accurate estimate of the total impact of PM on the population.
3 . Certain classes of ambient particles may be distinctly less toxic than others and may not
exert human health effects at typical ambient exposure concentrations or only under spccial
circumstances. Coarse thoracic particlcs of crustal origin, for cxample, may be rclatively
non-toxic under most circumstances compared to those of combustion origin such as wood
burning. However, crustal particles may be sufficiently toxic to causc human health effects
under some conditions; resuspended crustal particles, for example, 111ay carry toxic trace
elcments and other components from previously deposited fine PM, e.g., metals from
smelters (Phoenix) or steel mills (Steuben vi lie, Utah Valley), PAH's from automobile
exhaust, or pesticides from administration to agricultural lands. Likewise, tine particles
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from different sources have different effect sizes. More research is needed to identi fy
conditions under which one or another class of particles may cause little or no adverse health
effects, as well as conditions under which different classes of particles may cause relatively
more notable effects.
4 . Certain epidemiologic evidence from "intervention studies" suggests that reducing ambient
PMJO concentrations may reduce a variety of health effects on a time scale from a few days
to a few months, as found in epidemiologic studies of "natural experiments" such as in the
Utah Valley, and supported by toxicology studies using particles extracts from ambient
community sampling filters from the Utah Valley. Recent studies in Germany and in the
Czech Republic also tend to support a hypothesis that reductions in particle-rclated air
pollution are associated with reductions in the incidence of adverse health effects.
5 . Studies that combine the features of cross-sectional and cohort studies provide the best
evidence for chronic effects of PM exposure. Gaudennan et a!. (2000; 2002) have found,
," . i "': . '1.:' ,\ ';' ~~ ~' . "- .
significant decreases in lung function growth related to PM,o levels, us,ing these techniques.
6 . Adverse health effects in children reported in a limited number of more recent studies are
emerging as an important area of more eoneem than was the cas/'in the 1996 PM AQCD.
Unfortunately, relatively little is known about the relationship of PM to the most serious
health endpoints, neonatal and infant mortality, emergency hospital admissions and
mortality in older children, as well as low birth weight and preterm birth.
7 . Little is yet known about involvement of PM exposure in the progression from less serious
childhood conditions, such as asthma and respiratory symptoms, to mOre serious disease
endpoints later in life. This is an important health issue because childhood illness or death
may cost a very large number of productive life-years.
8 . Lastly, new epidemiologic studies of ambient PM associations with increased non-hospital
medical visits (physician visits) and asthma effects suggest likely much larger health effects
and costs to society due to ambient PM than just those indexed by mortality and/or hospital
admissions/visits.
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E.6 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF PM
2 E.6.1 Vegetation and Ecosystem Effects
3 Deposition of particulate matter from the atmosphere has the potential to alter ecosystem
structure and function. Human existence on this planet depends on the essential life-support
services that ecosystem structure and functions provide. Conccm has risen in recent years
regarding the consequences of changing the biological diversity of ecosystems because
human activities arc creating disturbances that arc altering the structure (complexity and
stability) and functioning (producing changes in the processes of energy and water flow and
nutrient cycling) of ecosystems.
4 Human-induced changes in biotic diversity and alterations in the stmcture and ecosystems
processes are the two most dramatic ecological trends in the past century. Biodiversity
encompasses all1cvels of biological organization, including individuals, populations, species,
and ecosystems. For this reason, there is a need to understand the effects of PM deposition
on vegetatio.n and eeo'systems and biodiversity.
5 Ecosystem functions maintain clean water, pure air, biodiversity, and impart the following
benefits: fixation of solar energy, absorption and breakdown of pollutants, cycling of
nutrients, binding of soil, degradation of organic wastes, maintenance of a balance of
atmospheric gases, regulation of radiation balance, and climate.
6 The deposition of PM onto vegetation and soil, depending on its chemical composition
(acid/base, trace metal, or nutrients, e.g., nitrates or sulfates), can produce direct or indirect
responses within an ecosystem.
7 Ecosystem response to pollutant deposition is a direct function of the level of sensitivity of
the ecosystem and its ability to ameliorate resulting changes. Changes in ecosystem
stmetural pattems and the functioning of ecological processes must be scaled in both time
and space and propagated to the more complex levels of community interaction to produce
observable ecosystem changes.
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The major effect of atmospheric PM on ccosystems is indirect and occurs through the
deposition of nitrates and sulfates and the acidifying effects of the associatedl-I' ion in wet
and dry deposition in the soil environment. In the soil, they have the potential to inhibit
nutrient uptake, alter the ecological processes of energy flow and nutrient cycling, change
ecosystem structure, and affect ecosystem biodiversity. Most nitrate is not deposited or
measured as PM but is a combination of wet and dry deposition.
2 The soil environment, one of the most dynamic sites of biological interaction, is inhabited by
communities ofbactcria, fungi, and aetinomycetes. Bacteria, as essential components of the
nitrogen and sulfur cycles, and tungi in the uptake of mineral nutrients play an important role
in plant nutrition. Their actions make these elements available for plant uptake. Fungi form
mycorrhizae, a mutualistie symbiotic relationship with plant roots that is integral to the
uptake of mineral nutrients. Changes in the soil environment resulting from deposition of
nitrates and sulfates that alter the role of the bacteria in the nutrient cycles and mycorrhizal
fungi in making minerals available for plant utilization, determine plant and, ultimately;
ecosystem response.
3 Although nitrogen as mol~cular nitrogcn (N,) is the most abundant element in the
atmosphere, it only becomes available to support plant growth after its conversion into
reactive forms. In naturc, nitrogen may be divided into two groups: reactive (Nr) and
nonreactive (N,). Reactive nitrogen or Nr includes the inorganic reduced fonns of nitrogen
(e.g., ammonia [NH3] and ammonium [NH:]), inorganic oxidized fonns (e.g., nitrogen
oxides [NO,], nitric acid [HNO,], nitrous oxide [N,O], and nitrate [NO,-]), and organic
compounds (e.g., urea, amine, proteins, and nucleic acids).
4 Reactive nitrogen can be widely dispersed and accumulate in the environment when the rates
of its formation exceed the rates ofremoval via denitrification. As a result of human food
production, it is now accumulating in the enviromTIcnt on all spatial scales -local, regional
and global; and its creation and accumulation is projected to increase as per capita use of
resources by human populations increases.
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The major changcs in the nitrogen cycle can be both beneficial and detrimental to the hcalth
and welfare of humans and ecosystems. Thc cascadc of environmental cffects rcsulting from
reactive nitrogen accumulation include the following: (I) production of tropospheric ozone
and aerosols that induce human health and ecosystem problems; (2) increases in the
productivity in forests and grasslands followed by decreases wherever Nr deposition
. increases significantly and exceeds critical thresholds; (3) rcactive nitrogen additions
probably decrcase biodiversity in many natural habitats; (4) in association with sulfur is
rcsponsible for acidification and loss of biodiversity in lakes and streams in many regions of
the world; (5) eutrophication, hypoxia, loss of biodivcrsity, and habitat degradation in coastal
ecosystems. [Eutrophication is now considered the biggest pollution problem in coastal
waters.], and (6) contributes to global climate change and stratosphcric ozone depletion,
which can in turn affect ecosystems and human health.
2 "Nitrogcn saturation" results when reactivc nitrogen conccntrations exceed thc capacity of a
, , ;,
system to utilize it. Saturation impliedhat some resource other than nitrogen is limiting
, ."
biotic fimction. Water and phosphorus for plants and carbon for microorganisms are most
likcly to be the sccondary limiting factors. The appearance of nitrogen in soil solution is an
early symptom of exccss nitrogen-' In the final stagc, disruption of ecosystem stmcturc
becomes visible.
3 . Possible ecosystem responses to nitrogen saturation include (1) a pem1anent increase in foliar
nitrogen and reduced foliar phosphoms and lignin caused by the lower availability of carbon,
phosphoms, and water; (2) rcduccd productivity in conifer stands because of dismptions of
physiological function; (3) dcereased root biomass and increased nitrification and nitrate
leaching; (4) reduced soil fertility, resulting from increased cation lcaching and increascd
nitrate and aluminum concentrations in streams, (5) decreased water quality, and (6) changes
in soil microbial communities from prcdominantly fungal (mycorrhizal) communities to
those dominatcd by bacteria during saturation.
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Intensive research over nearly a decade indicates that, although thc soils of most
North American forests arc nitrogen limited, severe symptoms of nitrogen saturation have
been observed in the high-elevation, non-aggrading spruce-fir ecosystems in the Appalachian
Mountains; the eastern hardwood watersheds at the Fernow Experimental Forest near
Parsons, WV; forests in southern California; the southwestern Sierra Nevada in Central
California; and the Front Range in northern Colorado. The mixed conifer forest and
chaparral watershed with high smog exposure in the Los Angeles Air Basin exhibit the
highest stream water NO,. concentrations in wilderness areas of North America.
2 Increases in soil nitrogen playa selective role in ecosystems. Plant succession patterns and
biodivcrsity arc affected significantly by chronic nitrogen additions in some North American
ecosystems. Long-term nitrogen fertilization studies in both New England and Europe
suggest that some forests receiving chronic inputs of nitrogen may decline in productivity
and experience greater mortality. Declining coniferous forest stands with slow nitrogen
cycling n;aybe replaced by deciduous fast"growing forests that rapidly cycle nitrogeil.
. "
<
3 In experimental studies nitrogen deposition over a l2-year period Minnesota grasslands
dOlilinated by native warnl-season grasses shifted to low-diversity mixtures dominated byi
cool-season grasses.
4 Excess nitrogen inputs to unmanaged heath lands in the Netherlands has resulted in
nitrophilous grass species replacing slower growing heath species. Over the past several
decades the composition of plants in the forest herb layers has been shifting toward species
commonly found in nitrogen-rich areas. It also was observed that the fruiting bodies of
mycorrhizal ti.mgi had decreased in number, indicating that fonnation of mycorrhizae were
affected.
5 Soil nitrogen enrichment of the soil significantly alters the composition and richness of the
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community and markcdly dccreases overall diversity of the
mycorrhizal community. Decline in the coastal sage scrub in southern California was
directly linked to the decline of arbuseular mycorrhizal fungal community.
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!A
The effects of excessive deposition of nitrogen, particularly NH3 and NI-l/, have led to
changes in Dutch heathlands via: (1) acidification of the soil and the loss of cations of K+,
Ca 2+ and Mg 2+; and (2) nitrogen enrichment, which results in increased plant growth rates
and altered competitive relationships. Alteration of any of a number of parameters
(e.g., increased nitrogen) can alter ecosystem structure and function.
2 Notable effects of excess nitrogen deposition havc been observed with regard to aquatic
systcms. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition onto soils in watershed areas feeding into
estuarine sound complexes (e.g., the Pamlico Sound of North Carolina) appear to contribute
to excess nitrogen flows in mnon (especially during and after heavy rainfall events such as
hurricanes) from agricultural practices or other uses (e.g., fertilization oflawns or gardens).
Massive influxes of such nitrogen into watersheds and sounds can lead to algae blooms,
which, upon degradation, deplete oxygen and cause extensive fish kills and damage to
commercial fish and sea food harvesting.
'.'
, I
r;
3 Acidic precipitation, a critical environmental stress that affects forest land~capes and aquatic
ccosystems in North America, Europe, and Asia, is linkcd to thc effects associatcd with the
deposition ofNr and sulfates and the associated hydrogen ion. The resulting soil acidity can
lead to nutrient deficiencies and to high aluminum-to-nutrient ratios that limit uptake of
calcium and magnesium and creatc a nutrient deficiency adversely affect tree growth.
Calcium is cssential in the formation of wood and the maintcnance of the primary plant
tissues necessary for tree growth.
4 The critical loads concept is useful for estimating the amounts of pollutants (c.g., reactivc
nitrogen and acidic precipitation) that sensitive ecosystems can absorb on a sustained basis
without experiencing mcasurable degradation. The estimation of ceo system critical loads
requires an understanding of how an ecosystem will rcspond to different loading rates in thc
long term and can be of special value for ecosystems receiving chronic deposition of Nr and
sulfur independently and as acidic deposition when in combination.
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The biological effect of PM is determined by the amount deposited during the wet and dry
dcposition onto the plant surfaces or soil in the vicinity of the roots. The thrce major routes
involved are (I) precipitation scavenging in which particles are deposited in rain and snow;
(2) occult (fog, cloud water, and mist interception); and (3) dlY deposition, a much slower,
yct more continuous removal to placc surfaccs.
2 Fcw hcavy metals (c.g., coppcr, nickcl, zinc) have bccn documentcd to havc dircct
phytoxicity under field conditions. Ecosystems inm1ediately downwind of major emissions
sources such as powcr generating, industrial, or urban complexes can reccive locally heavy
inputs. Heavy metal accumulation in the richly organic forcst floor whcrc biological activity
is grcatest by affecting litter decomposition present the greatest potential for influencing
nutrient cycling. The presence of cadmium, copper and nickel have been observed to affect
the symbiotic activity of fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes.
3 Phytochelatins produced by plants as a response to sublethal conceutrations of heavy metals,
arc indicators of mctal strcss and .can be uscd to indicate that hcavy metals arc involvcd in
forest deeliuc. Increasing concentrations of phytochelatins with increasing altitude, and their
increases across regions that show increased levels of forest injury, have implicatcd them in
forest declinc. "
4 Sccondary organics formcd in the atmosphere have been variously subsumed under the
following terms: toxic substances, pesticides, hazardous air pollutants (I'IAPS), air toxies,
semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs), and persistent organic pollutants (POPS). Such
substances are controlled under CAA Scct.112, Hazardous Air Pollutants (not as critcria
pollutants controllcd by NAAQS undcr CAA Scctions 108 and 109). Their possible effects
on humans and ecosystems are discussed in many other govemment documents and
publications. They arc noted in this document because, in the atmosphere, many of the
chemical compounds are partitioned between gas and particle phases and are deposited as
particulatc matter. As particles, they bccomc airborne and can bc distributcd over a wide
area and affcct remole ecosystems. Some arc also of concern to humans because thcy may
reach toxic levels in food chains of both animals and humans; whereas others may tcnd to
maintain or decrease somc toxicity as thcy movc through the food chain.
5
June 2003
E-34
DRAFT-DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE
Increases in Particulate Matter Trigger
Heart Attacks
Douglas W. Dockery, Sc.D.
Harvard School of Public Health
P30ES00002
Background: NTH-IS has supported much of the research on the health effects of
particulate matter air pollution. This research has linked exposure to particulate matter
with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Fine particles are produced by combustion
processes in car engines, power plants, refineries, smelters, and other industries. Small
particles can penetrate deeply into the air exchange regions of the lung bypassing the
normal defense mechanisms of the lung. The current study is the first to link short-tenn
transient effects of particulate matter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) in size to the risk of
heart attack.
Advance: Regional air pollution measurements taken at the time study participants in the
Boston area said their heart attack symptoms began were compared to measurements
taken during control periods. The risk of heart attack was about 1.5 times higher among
those exposed to elevated PM2.5 in the two hours prior to the development of symptoms.
The risk was even greater (about 1.7 times higher) when PM2.5 levels were increased for
24 hours prior to symptoms. The PM2.5 levels were high, but at levels that occur
frequently in many parts of the United States. Other recent data suggest that exposure to
high PM2.5 levels may cause increased systemic inflammation, increased blood thickness,
and an increase in C-reactive protein which causes the formation of blood clots.
Implication: This study provides strong evidence that short-term exposure to PM2.5
causes increased risk of heart attack. Knowing the time between exposure and heart
attack is crucial to determining the biological mechanisms responsible for the
associations. This study is also very important in establishing proper standards for PM2.5
to reduce the risk for the population especially susceptible sub-populations.
Publiclltion: Peters A, Dockery DW, Muller JE, Mittleman MA. Increased particulate air
pollution and the triggering of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 200 I Jun
12; 103(23):2810-5.
Particle pollution (also called particulate matter or PM) is the term for a mixture of solid
particles and liquid droplets found in the air. Some particles, such as dust, dirt, soot, or smoke,
are large or dark enough to be seen with the naked eye. Others are so small, they can only be
detected using an electron microscope.
Particle pollution includes "inhalable coarse
particles," with diameters larger than 2.5
micrometers and smaller than 10 micrometers and
"fine particles," with diameters that are 2.5
micrometers and smaller. How small is 2.5
micrometers? Think about a single hair from your
head. The average human hair is about 70
micrometers in diameter - making it 30 times
larger than the largest fine particle.
t......,
.~_l...""-"...
--
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',. C" .
~.' './ 1$._
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.... ~ ;" -
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~ . .
D_'''_ ~
--- "
_--.~..._..._---
How Big is Particle Pollution?
~Enlaroe or Drin! this fiaure
These particles come in many sizes and shapes and can be made up of hundreds of different
chemicals. Some particles, known as primary particles are emitted directly from a source, such
as construction sites, unpaved roads, fields, smokestacks or fires. Others form in complicated
reactions in the atmosphere of chemicals such as sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides that are
emitted from power plants, industries and automobiles. These particles, known as secondary
particles, make up most of the fine particle pollution in the country.
EPA regulates inhalable particles (fine and coarse). Particles larger than 10 micrometers (sand
and large dust) are not regulated by EPA. More about EPA PM Standards and Reoulatorv
Actions.
. Health: Particle pollution contains microscopic solids or liquid droplets that are so
small that they can get deep into the lungs and cause serious health problems. The
size of particles is directly linked to their potential for causing health problems. Small
particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter pose the greatest problems, because
they can get deep into your lungs, and some may even get into your bloodstream.
More information about health.
. Visibility: Fine particles (PM,.s) are the major cause of reduced visibility (haze) in
parts of the United States, including many of our treasured national parks and
wilderness areas. More information about visibilitv.
. Reducing particle pollution: EPA's national and regional rules to reduce emissions
of pollutants that form particle pollution will help state and local governments meet
the Agency's national air quality standards. More information about reducino oarticle
oollution.
. People can reduce their exposure to air pollution by checking
their daily air quality forecast and adjusting strenuous outdoor
activities when an unhealthy AQI is forecast.
Particle Pollution (PMIO) and (PM2.5)
Particle pollution (a]so known as "particulate matter") in the air includes a mixture of
solids and liquid droplets. Some particles are emitted directly; others are formed in the
atmosphere when other pollutants react. Particles come in a wide range of sizes. Those
less than 10 micrometers in diameter (PM 1 0) are so small that they can get into the lungs,
potentially causing serious health problems. Ten micrometers is smaller than the width of
a single human hair.
. Fine particles (PM2.5). Particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter are called "fine"
particles. These particles are so small they can be detected only with an electron
microscope. Sources of fine particles include all types of combustion, including motor
vehicles, power plants, residential wood burning, forest fires, agrtcultural burning, and
some industrtal processes.
. Coarse dust particles. Particles between 2.5 and 10 micrometers in diameter are
referred to as "coarse." Sources of coarse particles include crushing or grtnding
operations, and dust stirred up by vehicles traveling on roads.
Health and Environment
The size of particles is directly linked to their potential for causing health problems. Small
particles less than10 micrometers in diameter pose the greatest problems, because they can
get deep into your lungs, and some may even get into your bloodstream.
Exposure to such particles can affect both your lungs and your heart. Small particles of
concern include "inhalable coarse particles" (such as those found near roadways and dusty
industries), which are larger than 2.5 micrometers and smaller than 10 micrometers in
diameter; and "fine particles" (such as those found in smoke and haze), which are 2.5
micrometers in diameter and smaller.
The Clean Air Act requires EPA to set air quality standards to protect both public health and
the public welfare (e.g. crops and vegetation). Particle pollution affects both.
Health Effects
Particle pollution - especially fine particles - contains microscopic solids or liquid droplets that
are so small that they can get deep into the lungs and cause serious health problems.
Numerous scientific studies have linked particle pollution exposure to a variety of problems,
including:
. increased respiratory symptoms, such as irritation of the airways, coughing, or
difficulty breathing, for example;
. decreased lung function;
. aggravated asthma;
. development of chronic bronchitis;
. irregular heartbeat;
. nonfatal heart attacks; and
. premature death in people with heart or lung disease.
People with heart or lung diseases, children and older adults are the most likely to be affected
by particle pollution exposure. However, even if you are healthy, you may experience
temporary symptoms from exposure to elevated levels of particle pollution. For more
information about asthma, visit www.eoa.aov/asthma.
Environmental Effects
Visibility reduction
Fine particles (PM,.s) are the major cause of reduced visibilitv (haze) in parts of the United
States, including many of our treasured national parks and wilderness areas. For more
information about visibility, visit www.eoa.aovlvisibilitv.
Environmental damage
Particles can be carried over long distances by wind and then settle on ground or water. The
effects of this settling include: making lakes and streams acidic; changing the nutrient balance
in coastal waters and large river basins; depleting the nutrients in soil; damaging sensitive
forests and farm crops; and affecting the diversity of ecosystems. More information about the
effects of oarticle oollution and acid rain.
Aesthetic damage
Particle pollution can stain and damage stone and other materials, including culturally
important objects such as statues and monuments. More information about the effects of
oarticle oollution and acid rain.
Diabetics Have Higher Risk of Adverse
Cardiovascular Effects from Particulate
Air Pollution
Marie S. O'Neill, Ph.D., Diane E. Gold, MD, Antonella Zanobetti, Ph.D., and Joel
Schwartz, Ph.D.
Harvard School of Public Health
T32ES07069, POIES09825, and P30ES000002
Background: Evidence has been mounting over the past decade that particulate air
pollution exposure is an important health risk for those with cardiovascular disease and
other chronic conditions, including diabetes. The endothelium, the smooth layer of cells
that line blood vessels and the heart, may be one target of particulate matter. The smallest
particles have been shown to move from the lungs into the circulation where they may
have their effects. These effects include the generation of reactive oxygen species, such
as free radicals and peroxides, and the resulting oxidative damage to tissues.
Advance: ]n a study funded in part by NlEHS, investigators at the Harvard School of
Public Health determined that diabetics had impaired blood vessel reactivity on days
when sulfate and black carbon particles were highest. In general sulfate particles are
generated by coal burning power plants; black carbon is the result of automobile traffic.
To test vascular reactivity, the researchers employed a standard technique called brachial
artery ultrasound in which blood flow to the arm was blocked with a blood pressure cuff.
When the cuff was removed and blood flow restored, the ultrasound technique
determined the diameter of the blood vessel. On days with the highest sulfate particle
pollution, the diabetic subjects showed an 11% decrease in vascular reactivity and a 13%
decrease on days with high black carbon pollution.
Implication.~: These findings indicate that diabetics may be at higher risk for adverse
cardiovascular events during periods of high particulate matter air pollution. In an
accompanying editorial, Rajagopalan and colleagues suggest that particulates may have
adverse effects by causing abnormalities in the generation of nitric oxide, a gas which
relaxes smooth muscle cells found in the heart and arteries, enabling easier blood flow.
Further research is necessary to confirm these results and to determine why diabetics are
particularly sensitive. In addition to following their health care provider's
recommendations on diet, exercise, and medications, diabetics should minimize outdoor
physical activity on days with high particulate matter pollution.
Citation: O'Neill MS, Veves A, Zanobetti A, Sarnat JA, Gold DR, Economides PA,
Horton ES, Schwartz J. Diabetes enhances vulnerability to particulate air pollution-
associated impairment in vascular reactivity and endothelial function. Circulation. 2005
Jun 7; 111 (22):2913-20.
Rajagopalan S, Sun Q, Chen LC. Particulate pollution and endothelial function: deja vu
all over again in the air. Circulation. 2005 Jun 7;] I 1(22):2869-71.
Fine Particulate Matter Associated with
Increase in Hospital Admissions for
Cardiovascular Diseases
Francesca Dominici, PhD.; Scott L. Zeger, Ph.D.; and Jonathan M. Samet, MD
Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
R01ESI2054 and P30ES03819
Background: Research supported by NIEHS over the previous fifteen years has
demonstrated links between cardiovascular disease and particulate matter air pollution.
People with pre-existing conditions such as high blood pressure, previous heart disease,
diabetes, respiratory disease, and high cholesterol have been shown to be especially
vulnerable. This research has led to more stringent standards for particulate matter
pollution in the U.S. and other countries. The revision of the National Ambient Air
Quality Standard in 1997, created a new category of particulate matter less than 2.5
micrometers (PM2.5) in diameter. Sources ofPM2.5 include motor vehicle emissions,
coal-burning power plants, etc. Particles in this size range are much more likely than
larger particles to lodge in the small airways and alveoli of the lungs. Subsequently, a
nationwide monitoring system was established to measure this pollutant. Data on PM2.5,
beginning in 1999, are now available for many parts of the US.
At/wince: N1EHS grantees at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health have
determined that short-term exposure to PM2.5 significantly increases the risk for
cardiovascular and respiratory disease among people over 65 years of age. The
investigators linked PM2.5 data to hospital admissions for heart and vascular diseases,
heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and respiratory infections in an
epidemiologic study of over 11.5 million Medicare participants. The study results predict
that for each 100 hospital admissions for heart failure, one extra admission will occur for
each ]0 micrometers per cubic meter increase in PM2.5. For example, during the study
period 1999-2002, Cook County, Illinois had an average PM2.5 level of 16 micrometers
per cubic meter of air and a high of 56. Therefore on days with the highest particulate
matter pollution, the study predicts five additional hospitalizations per 100.
Implications: This study shows that exposure to PM2.5 at levels within the current
standard is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in elderly persons. Additional efforts
need to be targeted towards identifying the sources of these particles and designing new
strategies to prevent their release. Additional biomedical strategies include identifying the
characteristics offine particles responsible for these adverse effects so that new strategies
can be developed to prevent or treat them.
Citation: Dominici F, Peng R.D, Bell ML, Pham L, McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM.
Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory
diseases. lAMA. 2006 Mar 8;295(10):] 127-34.
Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollu.tion and
Mortality in U.S. Cities
Jonathan Samet
Johns Hopkins--School of Hygiene and Public Health
Backgroand: NfEHS supported research has been critical in establishing air quality
standards aimed at protecting public health. This research and the regulations
promulgated by the EP A in response, have led to great improvements in air quality. In
1987, the EP A added particulate matter less than or equal to 10 urn (pM I 0) in diameter to
the list of regulated pollutants. Despite improvements in air quality, epidemiologic
studies have shown associations between PMIO concentrations well below the standard
and number of deaths per day in several U.S. cities. In response to these findings, in 1987,
the EPA promulgated new standards for particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 urn
(PM2.5). Both the studies and the new standard have been criticized. A major issue is the
cost ofcompliance with the standards for industry. Estimates to bring power plants,
diesel trucks, and other sources into compliance range between $10 billion and $60
billion annually. However, the resulting health benefits are valued at $20-$100 billion per
year.
Advance: These researchers assessed the effects of PM 10, ozone, carbon monoxide,
sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide on daily mortality rates in 20 of the largest cities in
the U.S. The studies found consistent evidence that the level ofPM10 is associated with
increased rates of death from all causes and from cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses.
The estimated increase in risk was 0.51% for each 10 ug/cubic meter increase in the
PM 1 0 level. This estimate is consistent with studies done by other researchers for other
cities in the U. S. and other countries. There was weaker evidence that increases in ozone
levels increased the risk of death in summer months. None of the other pollutants were
significantly related to mortality rate.
Implication: This study adds to the body of data showing a correlation between increases
in particulate matter and risk of death from all causes including cardiovascular and
respiratory illnesses. These analyses provide evidence that particulate matter pollution
continues to cause adverse health outcomes and strengthens the argument for maintaining
air quality standards for this pollutant.
Citation: Samet JM, Dominici F, Curriero FC, Coursac I, and Zeger SL (2000). Fine
Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality in 20 U.S. Cities. New England Journal of
Medicine. 343 (24): 1742-1749
Exposure to Particulate Matter & Other
Air Pollutants Decrease Cardiac
Autonomic Control
Duanping Liao, MD, Ph.D.
Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
ROlESI0189
Background: Particulate air pollution has been linked to cardiovascular mortality in a
number of studies, but the mechanisms for this effect are not well understood. Recent
research has focused on the effect of pollution on heart rate and heart rate variability.
Low heart rate variability is a marker of attacks and sudden cardiac death.
One hypothesis is that inhalation of particulate air pollution may trigger an inflammatory
response in the lung, followed by the release of chemical mediators that affect autonomic
nervous system control of the heart beat. Previous research has found little evidence of
pollution effects on the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, but observed that a small
elevation in pulse rate was associated with a rise in PMIO levels. The medical and
biological relevance of this effect is unclear.
AtlWlnce: Dr. Liao and his colleagues examined associations between particulate matter,
ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide and cardiac autonomic
control. They calculated particulate matter and gaseous pollutants as 24-hour averages
and ozone exposure as an 8-hour average. Their findings suggest that higher ambient air
pollutant concentrations are associated with decreased autonomic cardiac control
especially among subjects with existing cardiovascular disease.
Implication: The strongest association was found with particulate matter which is a
"complex mixture of suspended particles that vary in size and composition." The levels of
exposure documented in this study were far below current EP A standards, yet still
produced adverse effects on cardiac autonomic control. This study adds to the body of
evidence suggesting a link between particulate matter exposure and adverse cardiac
outcomes. The decrease in heart rate variability associated with the exposures in this
study suggests that such exposures may increase the risk of acute cardiovascular disease
events.
Citation: Liao D, Duan Y, Whitsel EA, Zheng ZJ, Heiss G, Chinchilli YM, Lin HM.
Association of higher levels of ambient criteria pollutants with impaired cardiac
autonomic control: a population-based study. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Apr 15; 159(8):768-
77.
Long-term Exposure to Particulate
Matter and Risk of Death from Heart
Disease
George D. Thurston, Sc.D., Ph.D.; NYU School of Medicine
John J. Godleski, MD; Harvard Medical School
ROIES09560, P30ES00260, and P01ES08129
Background: Previous epidemiologic studies by these and other researchers have linked
long-term exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution to broad cause-of-death
mortality; however, links to specific cardiopulmonary diseases and dysfunctions have not
been established. These NIEHS-supported researchers and a colleague at Brigham Young
University linked cause-of-death data collected by the American Cancer Society with air
pollution data from U.S. metropolitan areas.
Advance: Long-term particulate matter exposures were most strongly associated with
death due to ischemic heart disease, dysrhythmias, heart failure, and cardiac arrest. For
these causes of death, a 10 microgram/cubic meter elevation in particulate matter was
associated with 8% to 18% increases in mortality risk. Risks for smokers were
comparable or larger than for non-smokers. Death attributable to respiratory diseases had
relatively weak associations.
Implication: The researchers conclude that particulate matter exposure is a risk factor for
specific cardiovascular disease mortality through mechanisms that likely include
pulmonary and systemic inflammation, accelerated athersosclerosis, and changes in
cardiac rhythms. The study also indicates that although smoking is a much larger risk
factor for cardiovascular disease, exposure to fine particulate combined with smoking
imposes additional effects.
Citation: Pope CA 3rd, Burnett RT, Thurston GD, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D,
Godleski J1. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution:
epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease. Circulation.
2004 Jan 6;109(1):71-7. Epub 2003 Dec 15.
Lung Cancer and Cardiopulmonary
Mortality in Response to Long-Term
Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter
George D. Thurston, SeD.
NYU School of Medicine
RO I ES09560 and P30ES00260
Background: Over the past 30 years, many research studies have shown links between
cardiopulmonary mortality and periods of high particulate matter and sulfur oxide
pollution. Later epidemiologic studies reported health effects at lower particulate matter
concentrations. While not without controversy, new air pollution standards were set in
1997 for particulate matter measuring less than 2.5 11M in diameter. Though challenged
by industry groups, these standards were later upheld by the Supreme Court.
Most of these studies focused on short-term health effects; however, long-term exposures
may be more important in terms of overall public health. Previous long-term studies have
been less conclusive. The current study was designed to assess the relationship between
long-term exposure to fine particulate matter and all-cause, lung cancer, and
cardiopulmonary mortality.
At/wince: This study linked risk factor data for approximately 500,000 persons with air
pollution data for U.S. metropolitan areas. These data were combined with cause of death
data. Fine particulate matter and sulfur dioxide pollution were associated with 4%, 6%,
and 8% increases respectively in all-cause, cardiopulmonary, and lung cancer mortality.
Imp/ication: This report shows that long-term exposure to combustion-related air
pollution is an important environmental risk factor for cardiopulmonary and lung cancer
mortality. This exposure is common in many metropolitan areas in the U.S. This study
provides the strongest evidence yet for these effects which are observed after controlling
for cigarette smoking, diet, occupational exposures, and other risk factors.
Citation: Pope CA 3rd, Burnett RT, Thun Ml, Calle EE, Krewski 0, Ito K, Thurston GO.
Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air
pollution. lAMA. 2002 Mar 6;287(9):] 132-41.
250 OELL . SAMET. DOMINICI
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is required by the CAA to establish Na-
tional Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for criteria pollutants, such as PM,
that endanger public health and/or welfare. The primary or health-based standards
arc to be set at a level sufficient to protect human health with an "adequate margin
of safety" for sensitive subpopulatiolls, slIch as the elderly. Because the criteria pol-
lutants arc regulated individually, epidemiological studies arc generally dcsib'11ed
to estimate the health effects from exposure to each pollutant separately, often by
controlling for the potential confounding effects of other pollutants through study
design or data analysis.
The Clean Air Aet requires the EPA to review each NAAQS at least every five
years and to recommend revisions if necessary, based on the most recent health
research. The design of the periodic review process is intended to keep regulatory
standards consistent with new scientific evidence (55). During this review process,
the EPA is advised by the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC), a
Congressionally mandated panel of scientific experts. The EPA prepares a criteria
document that compiles and assesses research rclated to the health and welfare
impacts of the pollutant. The EPA evaluates the policy implications of the cri-
tcria document and makes recommendations in a staff paper, which describes
evidence-based policy options. Both of these documents arc subject to external re-
view and comment from the public, industry, and other interested parties. CASAC
makes final recommendations; EPA then proposes changes to regulatory stan-
dards, ifneedcd. \Vhcrcas the EPA administrator has final authority to promulgate
a NAAQS, the Executive Branch also performs a review.
Epidemiological evidence on the health impacts of particulate air pollution
plays a pivotal role in the setting of regulatory standards. Findings from com-
plementary disciplines, such as animal toxicology and clinical human exposure
studies, have also contributed to the body ofknow1edge of how air pollution affects
health, especially in chamcterizing the biological mechanisms underlying adverse
health effects. Such evidence on mechanisms reduces uncertainty, particularly in
extrapolating risks to exposures at lowcr pollution levels for which epidemiologi-
cal data are Jacking. For PM and several of the other criteria pollutants, it is largely
the direct evidence of epidemiologic research that drives the setting of standards.
Epidemiological evidence has prominence in the regulatory process because it
directly addresses human health at exposures experienced by the population.
PARTICULATE MATTER
The health effects of airborne particles have been vigorously investigated for five
decades (45, 122). PM has been linked to numerous adverse health effects including
increased hospital admissions and emergency room visits, respiratory symptoms,
exacerbation of chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, decreased lung
function, and pn.:maturc mortality (45). The broad mnge of epidemiological studies
of the health effects of PM has beeu reviewed elsewhere (25, 45, 60, 122, 123,
175, 180); this review focuses on time-series approaches because of the recent
TIME-SERIES STUDIES OF PARTICULATE MATTER 251
emergence of this method and the ccntr,il role of time-series findings in setting
health-based regulatory standards.
TIle term particulate matter refers to solid or liquid particles in the air. PM has
many sources and can be either primary or secondary in origin. Primary PM is
emitted directly and can be either coarse or fine, whereas secondary PM: which
tends to be finer in size, is formed in the atmosphere through physical and chemical
conversion of gaseous precursors slIch as nitrogen oxides (NO.>;), sulfur oxides
(SOx), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Whereas most air pollutants afC
defined with respect to a particular chemical composition, PM is a gcncrictenn that
includes a broad range of physical characteristics and chemical species. It is the
only major pollutant regulated under Section 109 of the CAA to be defined without
regard to chemical form (20). The pollutants rCj,.'lIIated under this section, often
refelTed to as criteria pollutants because of the process lIsed to develop standards,
include five others: lead, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO,), nitrogen
dioxide (NO,), and ozone.
for regulatory and scientific purposes, PM is measured according to the
mass concentration within a specific size range (Figure 2 and Table I). Size
70
M 60 Fiue-mode pal1icles
::
--
Cl
:1 50
.......
.. 40
c
C\
0 30
......
......
III 20
III
ltl
:?2
oCl
00.1 0.2 0.5 1.0
Coarse-mode pill1icles
20 50
..
Panicle diameter ....11I
T ot.ll suspeuded panicles (TSP) _(
PM10 ~~
PM2.5~ PM(10-2.5)
..
..
Figure 2 Particulate matter size distribution by volume for urban areas. Adapted from
Wilson & Suh (179).
.. OIllGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Fine Particulate Air Pollution and
Hospital Admission for Cardiovascular
and Respiratory Diseases
FrUni:f:St:l.l D()minid~ l)hD
no~er D. Pungo Ph n
Mid..:,!.: L. 11<:11. I'hD
LUll Phnrn. MS
Ai.lnll ~'lt:l)erlllott, Ph D
SI:Otl L. Zeger. PIID
Junatllllll l\t Sunwt., MD
NUMEROUS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
studies have shown associa-
tions of acute and chronic cx~
posurcs to airborne pnflidl.'S
wilh risk fur adverse efrcels on morbid-
ity illH..Imortalil)'. u. The recent evi-
dence on adverse effects of parliculatcair
pollution on public health has led 1O
ll1<.m',slrlngclll standards lor It'.vds of par-
ticulate malleI' in outdoor air in the
United States and in other counlrit.'S. 1n
1997. the US National Ambient AirQual~
it)' Standard for airlx)me particulate mat.
leI' was revised, maintaining the previ-
ous indicator of particulate matlerofless
than or equnlto 10 pm in aerodynamic
diameter (PMIO) and creating a new in-
dkutor for fine p<1rticulatc mattcrofless
than or equallo 2.5 pm in aerodynamic
diameter (PM!,~):l Following the imple-
mentation of the PM!.~ National Ambi-
ent Air Quality Standard. a nalionwide
monitoring system of this pollutant was
implcmenrcd. Data on PM<L~ arc now
available fur man)' pariS of the United
Stutes starting from 1999 through the
prcscn t.
Ahhough lhe US Environmental Pro~
tection Agent.)' (EPA) added a PM2.'\stan~
dard in 1997 based on available evi-
dl~ncc that these small particles were
particularly damaging, fewepidernio-
Context Evidence on the health risks associated with short.term exposure to fine
particles (particulate matter :;2.5 IJm in aerodynamic diameter [PM2.~]) is limited. Re-
sults from the new national monitoring network for PM2.!l. make possible systematic
research on health risks at national and regional scales.
Objectives To estimate risks of cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions
assodated with short.term exposure to PM.L'l for Medicare enrollees and to explore
heterogeneity of the variation of risks across regions.
Design, Setting, and Participants A national database comprising daily time-
series data daily for 1999 through 2002 on hospital admission rates (constructed from
the Medicare National Claims History Files) for cardiovascular and respiratory out-
comes and injuries, ambient PM2"~ levels. and temperature and dew-point tempera-
ture for 204 US urban counties (population >200 000) with 11.5 million Medicare en-
rollees (aged >65 years) living an average of 5.9 miles from a PMa,!> monitor.
Main Outcome Measures Daily counts of county.wide hospital admissions for pri-
mary diagnosis of cerebrovascular, peripheral, and ischemic heart diseases, heart rhythm,
heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and respiratory infection, and in-
juries as a control outcome.
Results There was a short~term increase in hospital admission rates associated with
PM.Il.~ for all of the health outcomes except injuries. The largest assodation was for
heart faUure, which had a 1.28% (95% confidence interval. 0.78%-1.78%) increase
in risk per 10-fJg/mJ increase in same.day PM2.!l. Cardiovascular risks tended to be
higher in counties located in the Eastern region of the United States, which included
the Northeast, the Southeast, the Midwest, and the South.
Conclusion Short-term exposure to PM..,!! increases the risk for hospital admission
for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
lAMA. 2006;29':1.'1127.11.14 wwww.jama.com
logical sludies on this size mngc of par-
liculule mUller had been reported at that
time. The EPA heavily weighted the few
studies with available PM.!., dala when
it considered the Il~\'c..~llhat sl1Oul<l be Sl~t
for the standard.~ The EPA also consid-
ered the dosimctl)' or parlicles in the
lung. Particles in the size range of PM:.!..,
haven much gn~nlerprtlbabilit)' of reach-
ing the small uif\VU.)'s and tht'. alveoli of
the lung than do lurger purtides. Tht:
availabilit)' of the new monitoring net-
work for PM:!..'\ allows epidemiological
annlyses at the national level on the
health effects urrine p~1fliclcs.
<<)2.006 American Medl("D.1 ASSndllllllR. All righls rt$Crved.
The national data on PM2,~ concen-
trntions were USt~d to assess associa-
tions of short-term exposure to PM..!.i
with risk lor hospitalization regionall)'
tllld b)' cit)' umong Medicare partici-
pnnts. We followed the model of the Nn-
tionnl Morbidit)', Monalit}' and Air Pol-
Author Afflllf:tlons: DepflrtlTlflnlS of Blostclllsti~ (Ors
Dominici, Pcn~. McDermotl. and Zcgt:r ,1M Mr PhIlm)
lmd Epidemiology (Dr Samet). Bloomberg School of
Public H{~,I!lh.JohnsHopklns Univer>lIY, &llltTlt1re, Md:
flnd School 01 Forestry And Envimnmental Studies, Y.11n
UnlversilY. Ntlw Haven, Conn (Or Bell).
Correspondlns Author. Franceseil Dominici, PhD,
Bloombcr~ School of Public tfflallh, Johns Hopkins
Unive~lty, 615 N Wane St, Billlimorc, MD 21205
(fdomlnicOih~ph.cdu).
(Reprinted) JAMA. tl'!lllyh B. lOO6-Vnl ly"i. Nt', 10 1127
Downloaded from www.jama.coma! San Diego State University on May 25, 2008
HOSPITAL ADMISSION RATES AND EXPOSURE TO FINE PARTICULATE POLLUTION
Table', Percentage Change in Hospitalization RaLe per 10.vg/mllncrease in PMB on Average Across 204 Counties
Notional Average Relative Rate, PE (95% Pl}t
Daily Hospitalization
Rates for 1999-2002, All Medicare
Reason for Lag Day Median (lOR) per Enrollees All Counties.
Hospital Admission No,. 100000 Individuals (Aged >65 'I) Aged 65-74 Y Aged iil:75 Y PE (95% PI):t
Injury 0 4.1 (3.7 to 4.5) -0.41 (-1.00100.18) 0.22 (-1.01 to 1.45) -0.46 (-1.16100.24) 1.47 (0.33 to 2.48)
Cerabrova.'>Gulardisease 0 5.4 (4,8 to 6,0) 0-81 (0,30 to 1,32) D.9l (0,01 to 1,82) a.ao (0.21 to 1.38) 1.24 (O.~l5to 2.(5)
Pe<lpherol vascular disease 0 1.7 (1.5 101.9) 0.86 (-0.06 to 1.79) 1.21 (-0.26102.67) 0.86 (-0.39 10 2.11) 2.11 (0.79 to 3.40)
!schenic heartdOeose 2 8.1 (7.1 to 9.4) 0.44 (0.02 to 0.86) 0.37 (-0.22 10 0.96) 0.52 (-0.01101.04) 1.15 (0.40 to 1.77)
Heart rhythm 0 3.8 (3,3 to 4,2) 0.57 (-0,01 to 1,15) 0.46 (-0.63 to 1.54) 0,72 (0.02 to 1.42) 1,05 (0.26 to 1.91)
Heart failure 0 5.5 (4.7 to 6.6) 1,28 (0,78 to 1.78) 1.21 (0.35 to 2,07) 1.36 (0.78 to 1.94) 1,09 (0.42 to 1.78)
COPO 0 2.6 (2.1 to 3.2) 0.91 (0.18 to 1.64) 0.42 (-0.64 10 1.48) 1.47 (0.54 to 2.40) 1.61 (0.56102.66)
Respiratory tract inmctkln 2 5.4 (4.7 to 6.2) 0.92 (0.41 to 1.43) 0.93 (O.04 10 1.82) 0.92 (0.32 to 1,53) 1.39 (0.60 to 2.09)
Abbrovil1lklllS: coro, chronic otlr.tnlclivo pumonnry tl'mllmll; lOR, 11lr.l'qunrtllo rllngl1; PF., point nslimulll: PI. 1}o""ilo!'1f\1' inlnrvlll; I"Mu. pl1rticulnlo I111111ul' 01 kms limn Of oqllultn
P..SlJIn ~ll\O!'Q(jynlllnlc dinmotcr.
9no.'lults are roportod fOf lho lag al wtlch tho grootosl elloct of PM!.. was ostirnlllod.
lPat:cnlaQO ChMgO n hospital admission mles per 1000gIm' ~1Cmnso ~l PMu COIlOOltmtiofl.
:f;TI10 SO of the truo mlaliva mtns among counli09 (hatorogonoily).
Imion Stud)', which used PMh) data for
timc.serics unalyscs."-l\ The Medicare co-
hort covcrs nearl)' all members of an e1-
derl)' populalion considered to be vul-
ncrable to air pollution; the size of this
pupulation allows for assessmenlsof spe-
cillc cardiac and respiratory diagnoslic
categorit.'S that have been associated with
particulate air pollution.
METHODS
This analysis is based on daily counts
of hospital admissions 1'01'1999-2002
obtained from billing claims of Medi-
cure enrollees. Because the Medicare
dalaunalyzcd forthis slUdy did not in-
volve individual identifiers. consent was
not specifically obtained. This study was
reviewed and cxempted by the institu-
tional review board at Johns Hopkins
Bloomberg School of Public Health.
Each billing claim contains the date of
service, trt.~.llment, disease (Interna-
tional Classification (?{ Disrases, Ninth
Rt'vision9 [lCD-9/ codes), age, sex, sclf-
reported race, and place of residence
(ZIP code and counl)'). The dail)' counlS
ofench health event within each county
were obtained by summing the num-
ber (.If hospital admis,sions for each of
the diseases considered a primary di-
agnosis. To calculate hospitalization
ratt.~S, we constructed a time series of
the numbers of individuals at risk in
each county for each day (defined as the
number of individuals enrolled in Medi-
care un a given day).
1118 lAMA, M;lf\~h 8, 2'<:1(16--\',)1295, N,'. 10 (Reprinted)
Eighl outcomes were considered
based on tht.~ ICD-9 codt.~ for 5 Glrdio-
vascularolltcomcs (Iwart faUlII'e [428],
heart rh)'thm disturbances 1426-427l.
cerebrovascular t.~vents [430-438], is-
chemic hcart discHse [410-4i4, 429], pe-
ripheral vascular diseHsc [440-448]),2
respiralol)' outcomes (chronic obstruc~
live pulmonHr)' diseHse [CaPO; 490-
492], respil1ltol)' tract infections [464-
466, 480-487]), and hllSpilali!Htions
caused by injuries und other external
CtIUSes (8()(l-849). The COllnl}'-wide dllil)'
hospilnlizulilm rates for each outcome
for 1999-2002 appear in TABLE 1.
The stud)' populution includcsU.5
million Medicare enrollees rt~sidingan
average of5.9 miles from a PM~.,\ moni-
lOr. The nnnlysis was n~striclcd to the
204 US coulltieswilh populations larger
Ihan 200 000. Of these 204 counlies, 90
hHd dail)' PM" dalH across I he stud)' pe-
riod and the remaining c.:ol1nli(~s hud
PM:!,'\ data collected once every 3 days
forat least 1 fuIl}'car. The loctUionsor
the 204 counties nppenr in FIGURE I.
The counties were clustered into 7 geo~
gruphic r'-gions by appl)'ing Ihe K-
lnl~an~ clustering algorithm to longi-
tude IInd latitude for the counties. 1ll.11
The PM!.,\ and ozone data were ob-
tained from the EPA's Acromell'ic In-
formation Rt.~tric"al St.~rvict~ (now re-
ferred to as tht Air Quality System
database). Tcmpcrotul't~ and dew-point
tcmpt.'l11lurc dala were gathl~red from tht.~
NUlional Climatic Data Center on the
Earth-Info CD dntnbase.l~ To protect
against consequences of outliers, we
llsed a 10% trimmed mean to average
across monitors after correcting for
yearly averages for each monitor.
COUllt)' names !lnd locution, air pul-
lution dutD, weather data, COUIlI)'-
specific estimatt~s of health risk, and
softwnrc c.kvelopcd to construct count)'-
specific time-series data arc nvailuble
online (hllpJ/www.biostal.jhsph.edu
IIvlCAP5). Billing claims or Medicare
enrollees are nOI publicly available.
Calcuhttions were implemented using
R statistical surtwarc version 2.2.0.11
We npplicd Bll}'csian 2-stage hierar-
chical modelsl~'lll 10 estimate county-
specific, region-specific, and national
avcrugc nssocilHions bClwt.~t.~n day-to-
day varilltion of PM~.,\ (at lags 0, l, and
2 da)'s) and dH)'-IO-dHl' variHtion in Ihe
county-It~vcl hospital admission rates,
nccounting for wcmhcr, seasonality. and
long-term lrends, A lag of 0 days cor-
responds to the association between
PM:!.~ concentration on a given da)' and
the risk of hospitalization on the same
dHl'. We also llPplicd distributed lag
modcls17..ltl tQ the 90 counties with dail)'
PMl.~ data availnble to estimate the rela-
tive rate (RR) of hospitalization asso-
ciated wilh cumulative exposure QVer
the current day uno thl~ 2 previous da}'s.
Significance is nssesscd by the posle-
riorpwbabilil)' thallhc RR is larger than
ZCft.). Values grcnlcr lhan .95 arc con-
sidered significnlll.
01006 Amfftcan "tdical Assodalion. All righls ~trvtd.
Downloaded from www.jama.com at San Diego State University on May 25, 2008
HOSPITAl. ADMISSION RATES AND EXPOSURE TO fiNE PARTICULATE POLLUTION
In the first slage, single lag and dis-
tributed lag ovcrdispcrscd Poisson re-
gression moddsll.:!;! were used for esti-
mating county-specific RRs of hospital
admissions a.,,~ciatcd with ambiclllle\'-
cis orPM2.'t. These county-specific: mod-
els include as explanatory variables: (I)
the l<.lbJt1rithm of the daily number of in-
dividualsat risk; (2) indicator variables
for the day of the week 10 allow for dif-
ferent baseline hospital admission rules
foreach da}~ (3) smooth funclions of C'dl-
cndar tinH.: (natural cubic splines) with
8 degrees of freedom per year to adjust
for seasonality and for other lime-
varying innuences on admis...ions ecg, in-
fiuenza epidemics and longcr-tcnn trends
due to changes in medical practice pal-
lems); and (4) smooth functions oftcm-
perature (6 degrees of fn.'edom) and dew-
point tempemture (3 dcgrees offrecdllm)
on the samc day and of the 3 previous
du}'s' temperature and dew-point tem-
peratun.~ to control for the potential con-
founding eITect of weather.
For the smooth functions of calendar
time, we chose B degrees orrrecdom per
year so thallillle infon11ation at the time
scales of longer than 2 months would be
retained in estimating the risks. ror tem-
pemturc, we chose 6 degrees of frec-
domso Ihatlhemodcl has sufficient flex-
ibilit)' 10 take account of potential
nonlinearity in the relationship of tem-
pernture with hospitalizntion.2'
This modeling approach was devrl-
oped for the National Morbidit}', Mor-
tuHt)' and Air Pollution SlUdy unaly-
~.u.J.4 and applied to national datab..'1scs
for estimating short-tenn elTects ofPM\o
and ozone on mortnlity:u~ Statistical
properties of this modeling approach
and alternative modeling specifica-
tions for confounding adjustment are
reported clscwherc.1.2~
1n the st.~cond stage, to produce ana.
lional average estimate of the shon.
tenn association between PM1.~ and hos.
pital admissions, we used Bayesian
hierarchical modelsH'Il\.lll to combine
RRs across counties accounting for
within-count)' statistical error and for
bctwccn-t'Ounlyvariability oflhe "lroc"
RRs (also called helerogeneity). To pro-
duce regional estimates, Wt~ used the
Figure 1. US Counties With Populations LarRerThan 200000 Included in Analysis
Northwest
Midwest
=]
WOS1
Control
Northeast
s/"'
o
Papulation. In Millions
i=1=~I-I-I,
0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 O,SO 0.66 0.84
I .
1,30 9.50
same 2-stagc hierarchical model de-
scribed above butsepuratel}' within fnch
of the 7 regions.
To explore effect modification of air
pollution risks by location-specific dlur-
l.1cteristics, we fitted n weighted !incur
regression model with the dept.~ndent
variable as the locatiL1n.spcdnc RR cs-
timatt.', and the independent variable as
the location-spn:ifk charactclistic, The
observ'.uions wt.~re weighted invt.~l'scly
to the stntislirnl variant'C of the locnlion-
sped fie t~stimnte.
The count)' and rcgitlnnl averages of
, PMu cuncentmtion, ozone conccntrn.
tion, und tcmpernture Illr2000 lhrough
2002 were cnlculatt.'d as potentiul mudi.
fiers. A regional average was cnlculated
by using all of tht~ county~spt.~cific con.
centrations within the region,
rinally, theannunl reduction in hos-
pital admissiuns (II) al\ributable 10 a
1O-(Jg!m1 reduction in the daily PM2.,
level for Ihe 204 countics by cnusc-
specific admissions were calculated.
H is defined as
II=(e,p([:lllx)-1) X N
where 13 is the nalionul RR estimate
fora I-p.glml incrt~l.\sC in PM2.'1,.6.x is
01006 Amtrican Mtdical Associadon. All righls ~rnd.
IO-J.lglm\ anti N is the number of hos-
pital ndmissions across the 204 coun-
lies for 2002,
Thesensitivit)' of key findinbTS was ex-
amined with respect to the lag uf expo-
sure: dcgn.."Cs of freedom in the smooth
functions of time; llnd degrees of free-
dom in the smooth functions of tem-
pernturc and dcw.point tcmpc:rnture.
RESULTS
MQrc lhnn 2 }'cnrs of PM.l,,\ data were
available for mosl of the 204 cuuntie~.
'The average Qf the count}' mean nn-
mUll valucs for 1999-2002 was 13.4
pg/m' (intcrquartile range [IQR1. 11.3-
15.2 pg/m'), There was substantial ho-
mogeneity (lfnne poniculate matter con-
ccntrutions across geographic areas. The
median of pnilwisc correlations among
PM.l..~ monitlH'S within the same count)'
fur 2000 was 0.91 (lQR,0,81-0.95).
The point estimates and 95% poste-
rior intervals (Pis) for the percentage
increase in daily admission rntes per
10-~lglml increase in PM2:~ concentra-
tion (national aveml:,'C RRs) lor single lags
of 0,1 , and 2 days and the distributed
lug models for IngsO through 2 for all dis-
(Reprinted) lAMA, Muro.:h 8. 10t~V\11 29~, No. 10 1U9
Downloaded from www.jama.com at San Diego State University on May 25, 2008
HOSPITAl. ADMISSION RATES AND EXPOSURE TO FINE PARTICUI.ATE POLLUTION
cnSCQulcomt's (total) appcarin FIGlIRr:2.
The single lag model estimates the effect
of exposure on I day onl)', lagged by 0,
J, or 2 days, while the total estimate
from the distributed lag model sum-
marizes the effect of 3 days of expo-
sure (Jag 0, I, and 2 days), We fOllnd
evidence of positive associations
between day-lo-day variation in PM,!_,
concentration and hospital admis-
sions for all outcomes, except injuries.
for at Icast 1 exposure lag. The largest
clTcel was found at lag 0 for all of the
cardiovascular outcomes except ische-
mic heart disease, for which the larg-
C$l dfect was at lag 2. For rcspiratof}'
outcomes, the largest effects occurred
at lags 0 and I for COPD and allag 2
for respinnor)' Imet infections. Distrib~
uled lug estimates were statistically sig-
nifimm for ht~art failure. Compared with
the singll~ lag estimates, the wider 95%
PIs for the distributed lag estimates
renect the restriction of the. anulysis to
90 oflhe 204 counties with daily dala,
The results for the single lug modc.ls
were also stratified by age group at the
lag wilh the greatest eflcel (Table I),
The national avenlge RR estimntcswcre
larger for the oldest group for some out.
comes including ischemic hl~art dis-
caSl\ heart rhythm disturbances, heart
fail lire, and COPD.
Severnl anl1lyscs were conducted as
internal checks. Analyses for lag -1
were run to predict toda)"s outcome by
using the next day's pollution and for
hospitalizalions caused by injurit.-s and
olht~r external causes. Positive associa-
tions were not found fur injuries or for
other external causes, which was ex-
pected, When lug -1 PM~.,\ was used as
Figure 2. Percentage Change in Hospitalization Rate by Cause per 10-lJg/m,llncrease in
PM~,~ on Average Across 204 US Counties
I~ry
'''90
Lag 1
,",,2
"""
Carc:iov3!:a.Jl.YOutCOTl"lS
Ceretrowt,CIJD- D=e
I.flgO
'''9'
lag2
To,,"
Poiplcml vasOJI<T [)sease
Lng 0
Log 1
Lag 2
Total
IsdlorricHeartDi3OY.>C
LogO
Lag 1
l.ag2
Total
HEB'lFlhythm
Lng 0
Lng'
l.-'lQ2:
To1f11
Hoar1Fnilum
Lng 0
Lng 1
L.192
To~"]1
rlespimtoryOularr()3
Ghonic Cbsln.cti\IC Puk'ncJ'lory ~
,",,0
Lng 1
Lng:>:
To,,"
~tayTract In1och~1
L",O
Lng 1
L.'l92
'Iotal
....-.-
-0-
-0-
-.--
-0-
-..-
-0
.-.-
-0-
.-.-
o
-0-
_..-
-0-
0-
0-
--.-
-0-
0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
--.-
0--
-0-
0-
-0-
o
-2 -1 0 , 2
% Gtlil.lIge in Hospilfll Admis,'lions per 10-'lgJm3Incrwse in PM2.5
Point c~limtltes and 95% posterior intcrval~ of the perttntdge change in ddmk<>ion mtes!)(lr 10 1J8/m~ (na-
lional average relative rat()s) for single lag (0,1, and 2 day<>) and distributed lag models lor 0 to 2 days (total)
for .)l! oulcomes. PMu Indlc,ll(l'i particulate mattr.r of less than or equlll Lo 2.5 IJm in .1erodYnlimlc dlarT'H:lter.
1130 JAMA, MUl\:h 8, 200~\'(,1 295. N'J. 10 (Reprinted)
101006 Amukan McdlC1l1 AssocIallnn. All righls N:SCn'cd.
the exposure indicator, positive asso-
ciations also were not found. The main
rt$ults were robust to the number of de-
grees orrrecdom used to adjust for tem-
poral confounding, to the udjustment
for weather, and to adjust for the priur
distributions used for the analysis.
The puint t'stimates und 95% Plsufthe
hett.~rogencit)' purametcr, defined as the
bctwcen-countySDofthc "true" county-
specific mtcs in relation tt,) their mean,
appear in Table I. For example, the es-
timate orthe heterogcneit)' pammetcr for
COPD is 1.61. This vnllle indicaleSlhal
with u natiunalavtrage RR 01'0.91% per
I O-pglm1 intrt.~ase in PM!,." 95% ur the
"tme" county-specific RRs are within the
i1l1ervalllf (l,91 to 1.96 X 1.61 =-2,24%
and 0,91 + 1.96 X 1.61 =4.()6%, To de-
termine the strength of evidence sup-
porting the null hypothesis of no het-
erogeneity, we calculated the posterior
probabilit)' lhat the hl'.tcrogencit}' pa-
rumctl~r is smllllcr 1111.111 .05 (the Bayesian
analogue of a P value) and this V.l1S found
to be close to 0 for all outt'Omes.
To determine whether tl1l'l'c was sig~
nificant variation of risks across the
7 geographic regions, the RR 1'01' each
outcllmt.~ was estimated SCptHutcly
within the regions, which excluded no.
nululu, Huwuii, and Anchorage, Alaska.
The point l'stimatcs and 95% Pis of tllt.~
regional RRs for each uutcome al the
lag with the gn~atcsl estimated RR
appear in FIGURE. 3und Table l. For the
2 groups of outcomes (cardiovascull.1r
and rcspilutol)'), thl~cstimatcd RRs hHVC
distinct regional patterns. For cardio-
vascular diseases, all estimates in the
Midwt.$tcrn, Northt.~astern,and South-
ern regions were positive, while esti-
mates in the other regions were close
toO. Compared with cardiovusculardis-
CUSl~S. there was greater consistenc)'
between the regions for rcspinllor)'
diseases. However, there were larger
effects in the Central. Southeastern,
SOllthern,nnci Western regions than in
the other regions.
Regional difrcrcnct.~s werc investi-
gated by dividing thc United States into
an Eastern region (Northeast. South-
t.~nst, Midwest, Ilnd South) und a
WcsH~rn region (West, Ccntn\l, l.mdl
Downloaded from www.jama.comat San Diego Stale University on May 25, 2008
HOSPITAL ADMISSION RATES AND EXPOSURE TO FINE PARTlCUI.ATE POLLUTION
us East Rogion
Northeast (60 Counties)
Figure 3. Percentage Change in Hospitalizalion Rale by Region and Cause per , O-I.lg/m I Increase in PMl.'~1 Within Each Region
0-
Southcast (35 Counties)
Midwest (48 Counties)
South (25 Counties)
us west RllQioIl
W::st (16 CounticsJ
Ccntr.JJ(9Countics)
Northw=l (9 Cwnties)
All Regions (202 Counties)"
""~
(',,-:JI'T.iovasaJl.'y Outcomes
Cott.rovascukTDisease
~~aseasc
IsdlerrOcHro1 !lseasc
Hc.TlRhylhm
Hoocl FaiUre
Rmpimtory Oulcr.m:;s
COPD
R<qliratcryTrnc1 hlfeclioo
InjUry
Cardovasrular Otllcomes
CcrttrovaSOJl1J'"[lSfflS(l
PaiJ;t1EJa1'tlsaJIar(}seaf,e
IschcrricHOOI1Disoo;.e
HOllrtHhylhm
H!D1FaiLre
RespiratoryOutcorres
COPO
1'1C:f,pimtoryTmct Infection
In~.uy
G<'Ici0V1.lSClJl...- OuIccmes
~~Ilsmse
PairtlEmlI/aso.,!;Jr!ff.".m:;s
Isd1crTicHsnr11X,(OX,{)
HlDIRt1ythm
Hea1 Fallm
Req1imlay OuICClr'rCs
GOPD
~e;pifatoryTmc1:lnfeclian
InjUry
Ca'tiOYaSClJIiJ"Oulccxre;
Ccrohmv;:n;\JI<:\r Disease
Poip1rral Vasa.A'l' Diswse
Isc:terric H8lI1 Dismse
Hro1Rhytt1m
HoortFailurn
RC:f,pimtoryOuICOlTl:lS
COPD
~oryTrocIlnfed.ia1
oj>fty
Caniiova.=JL-lrO\JI~
Cmi:rovasa.JkTllsease
Poiphffill 'I.r->ClJa asmsc
Isctcrrt:Htn1 [)sease
HOllrtRhylhm
HOOI1 Fa~ure
Rc5pi'nloryOu\CCfTcs
COPD
flet,pirntoryTr::lC1lnfroion
InjUry
CmiovasanOlrtc:orws
Gmb'ovasctJU Dsoose
PuifJ1er.lIIt.JscuL1rDisOOse
Ischc1T1c Hoort Discase
HcntRhylhm
-,..."
Respiratcry Outr.anes
COPD
~tl:">piralay Tmcllnfoclioo
InjUry
CaUovasc:ulfr OuIccmes
C'notrovascula D=o
Peripheral\ttsC\JLlIDisar.e
1$&erOC Hea1 [lsease
Hro1Rhythm
HoortfajkJrt!
Atr~)imIQryOulCarrcs
COPO
Ac:;platayTriX:llnfeclioo
Injury
CadiQ\ltlScular Ch~caT'Cl::l
Gcrrt'rov.lscuky[lscasn
PoiPle-al1f.lsaa- OSoosc
Isc:tlemcHea1 [lsease
HOO1Ahytt1m
HC<l"l Fai~)m
Respir.llay OulCcmes
C,QeD
Roc.pi-atcry Tract ~kdian
-0-
--.-
0-
-0-
-0-
0-
0-
-0-
o
0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
~-.-
-0-
--.-
--.-
-.--
_..-
--e-
0-
--0
0-
-0-
-0-
o
-0-
-e--
-I;~
_o_~_
--.-
-0-
-0-
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
0-
o
o
o
-e--
-0-
'-e-
1-0-
r-:o-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-6
-2
6
-,
o
,
% Change n Hospital Admissions per lO-~g1rTtllnGreaso in PM2.5
Poinlnstimatesllnd 95% postcriorintcrvalsof the perronli1ge chanAc in admission rntes per10 IJA/m1 (regional rclllllve rates). PM1.\ indiOlt~ pmticulllte m....llcrolless
th.ln or equal to 2.51Jm in aerodynamic: diameter; COPO, chronicotxlructlv() pulmonary dis()llse. .Honolulu, Hawaii, and Anchorage, Alaska, were excluded.
01006 Am~rican Medical Assadaclon. All rights rt'Servcd.
(Reprinted) JAMA, M:ll\~h fl, 2<':IOti-\',,1195, No, 10 1131
Downloaded from www.jama.comat San Diego Slate University on May 25, 2008
-;
HOSPITAl. ADMISSION RATES AND EXPOSURE TO fiNE PARTICULATE POI.LUTlON
Northwest). The average dfcet esti-
mates and 95% Pis of the RRs for each
outt'ornc and for the lagswilh thcgrcnt-
est estimated national avcrnge effects
appear in FIGURE 4. There were .168
counties included in the Eastern fC.
gion l.1l\d 34 counties included in the
Western region. Using analysis ofvari-
UIlCl\ the differences in risk of hospi-
talization between the 2 regions were
statistically significant for outcomes ex-
cel'l for hearl failure and COPD. All RR
estimates for cardiovascular outcomes
were positive in the US Eastern region
but nul in the US Western region. The
RR estimates for respiratory lract in-
fections were larger in the Western re-
gion than in the Eastern r{~gion.
EITcet modification afshort-Ierm ef-
feels of PM1,,\ on hospital admission
rates was investigated by using btllh
count)' and regional averages of PMl"
concentrations. temperature, and
ozone. Both county and regional aver-
age tcmpcrnturc pLlSith'c1y modified the
association between PM2., and hospi-
tal admission rates for the 2 respira-
tory outcomes. For example. compar-
ing 2 regions that differ by IOC, there
would be an estimated 18 additional
hospital admissions per 10 000 indi-
viduals for COPD and 9 ndditional hos-
pital admissions per 10000 individu-
als for respiratory tntet infections per
I.0-pg/nr1 increase in PMl", in the
warmer region. We did not nnd evi-
dence ufthc elTecl modilkution by av-
erage concentrations of either PMl.~ or
ozone.
The yearl}' hospiu.\1 udmissionsattrlb-
utabletoa 10-pg/mln-ductionin thcclaily
PML, also were C"Jkulal"d (TABI.r:2). For
l~xamplc, ul O-pglm\ reduction in PMJ..,
would reducl~ the number of hospilal-
Figure 4. Percentage Change in Hospitalization Rate by CCluse per 10-11g/m"'lncrease in
PMB ror the us Eastern and Western Regions for all Outcomes
.'
Ou<como
In~lIY
G.mCMlOClJl.TOulccrros
Cort:mvaso,a- [Aswse
Peripl'1Er,Jl\lascuk')' [k,ollse
IscherricHoo1 [AsalSQ
Hm1Rhy1hm
HenrtFnium
Rc;,pirn!oryOutCOll'"C$
CCf'D
Rer,piml~Trnctmfo::tion
o
rov;;;;;l
~
0-
o
-0-
~
o
0-
.
-0-
-0-
-.
.
o
~3 ~2 -, 0 1 2 3
% Change n Hospital Adrnissials per lO-!.Iglm3 Increase in P~.5
Painl estimalc~ Ilnd 95% posterior inlcN.1ls of the percenrngcchllnge in admi~silln rales per 10 IJg/m1. PM.l,~
indicates particulate matter or Ic~ than or equal to 2.5 IJm in aerodynamic di<'.lmeter: COPO. chronic obslfuc-
tive pulmonary disease.
Table 2. Annual Reduction in Admissions Attributable to a 1(}.l-lg/ml Reduction in the Daily
PM1~ Level for the 204 Counties in 2002
Cause-Specific Annual No. 01 Annuel Reduction In
Hospital Admissions Admissions Admissions (95% PI)"
CerabroVd,.<;clliar dis8J'l.'>6 226641 1836 (680 to 2992)
Per1pherol vascular disease 70061 602 (-42 to 1254)
Ischemic hemt dif>6&"9 34G082 1523 (69 to 2U7U)
Heart rhythm 169627 967 (-17 to 1951)
Heart failure 246598 3156{1923to4..189)
COPO 108812 990(196tn 178S)
Respiratol)' tract infet:tk>n 22t3620 2085 (92~~ to :i241)
Ahbmvlllllons: (X)PQ. throne obstrucHl/o pUhlOl'lilry tlisonso: Pl, postort)!' IltCM\~ PMu. pnrticultllo mntlnr of lnss
lhlUl orotlunl to 2,5fnl i\ naodynlifnlc OOT10tor.
-Ptr 10ilgllT1~ roduclioo n PMM.
, 132 lAMA. M:lr.::h B. 2006-V,,] 2~:;. Nl>, 10 (Reprinted)
02006 Amuicnn Medical Association. All rlghls rno;enrcd.
izutions for heart failure by 3156 for the
204 urban counties in 2002.
COMMENT
The Ml~dicare National Claims History
riles were used in Ihis study to esti-
mate the shorHcnn effects of PM.z.'\ on
cause-specific hospitalization rates. Data
obtained from nutional databases on
health were combined with data on air
pollution and we<Hhl~r.'\.17 This is <1 rep-
Iicablcapproach Ihal cun be applied pe-
riodically for air pollutants or other en-
vironmental faelOrs as a component of
u national health survcillances}'stem to
lrack adverse Ill~alth effects. This ap-
proach also has the strength of analyz-
ing th(~ ntltional dah1 uniformly, avoid-
ing the potential for publication bins that
occurs when duta from only 1 or sev-
eral countil's are analyzed and positive
findings are selectively rcported.l7
In interpreting the findings. consid-
(~ration needs to be given to the inher-
ent limitalimls uf the data analyzed and
to thc possibility that evcn the complc."(
statisticalmodds lIsl':tl arc not adequate
to eliminule all bias. Ml'dkarc dntn arc
collected foradministfalive purposesund
diagnoses an~ known to be subject to
some degree of misclassifirntion:l'k1i.) und
to VUf}' gcogruphicall)':ll.l~ The result-
ing misdu..."Silkntion and gcogrophic vari-
nbility would introduce u bias in daily
time-series anal)'scs only if pattems of di-
ugnosis and coding were aSSOcitHed with
IcvclllfPM~.'\. \'lve used onlyprim:u)'di-
ngnosiS1 an approach that should re-
duce misclassification of oulcomes. To
invt~stigate whl,ther geographic differ-
ences in diagno...;is ratl~ could modify the
risks, n second-stage anal)'Sis was per-
fOl11wd using cOllnl)'-specific hospital ad-
mission rotes (number of admissions per
100 000 individuals) as un independent
varinble and cOllnty-spcdlk RR l'sti-
mates us a dependent variable. This
unnl)'sis did not find such evidence llf
dTcet l1lodificntion by underlying diag-
nosis nUl'S. While we relied on moni-
tors cited forregulu(01)' purposrs, the av-
erage disumcc from the centroid of a ZIP
code to the monitor was only 5.9 miles
and PMl.,\ le.vcts tend to be unifonn acru.'>S
such distances.
Downloaded from www.jama.comat San Diego State University on May 25, 2008
HOSPITAL ADMISSION RATES AND EXPOSURE TO FINE PARTICULATE POLLUTION
The modeling approach used in this
stud)' enabled extensive explomtion of
theSt~nsilivi()'ofthc findings. At the first
slageofthe hierarchical model, wespcci~
ficd the same number of dcgrcesurfrc(~~
dam in the smooth functions of lime and
temperature used to control for con-
founding for all the locations. This ap-
proach docs not nccess.uil)' lead 10 U
similar degree of control for confound-
ingacruss counties, but it docs give simi-
lar llcxibilil}' to the smooth functions.
allowing thcirshape to val)' across coun-
ties. An alternative is to allow a dirrer-
ent number of degrees offrcedum across
counties, an app11.J.llch used in multisite
lime-series studies in Europe.-ll-lti Re-
cently we have comp..~rcd these 2 mod-
eling strategies and found that national
cstimates ofPMl\l risks were robust to the
choice of method, III We alsLl have ex-
plored the sensitivity of the c.....timated RRs
to different degrees of adjustment for
wl~ather and seasonality and found the
results to be robus!. Statistical chal-
lenges inherent to the adjustment for
It'mporal confounding have been ex-
plored elsewhere. 19.1~,11
Overall, we found evidence of an as-
sociation bctwccn recently measured
PM~., concentrations and daily hospi-
talizations on a national scale. Our find-
ings complement substantial evidence
on particulate matter and hospitaliza-
tion for respiratol)' or cardiovascular
causes using exposure measures other
than PMl,,\ and the more limited evi-
dence using PMD specifically. While
mechanisms underlying the adverse cr-
fects of pl.lfliculate maller on tht' respi-
ratory and cardiac systems remain a ft1-
eus of research, the leading hypotheses
emphasize innammator)' responscs in
the lung and release of cytokines with
local and systemic consequences.l.lI\."llln
the lung, particulate maller may pro-
mOlC innammation and thercby exac-
erbate underlying lung disease and re-
duce the cfricac)' of lung-defensc
mechanisms. Cardiovasculareffects may
rcnecl neurogenic and innummutory
proct~sscs,i(1 E.xperimental studies of ath~
erosclerosis using genetically suscep-
tible mice also suggest Ihat paniculate
matter may accelerate the develop-
ment of atherosclerosis".; parallel hu-
man findings also were fotlnd.il
Although many time-series studies
have used PMIIl as an exposure indica-
tor, only a few studies have specifically
assessed associations of PM~" with hos-
pitalization or other morbidity mell-
surcsY Lippmann ct "I.... and 110 ct al'"
uSl~d Medicare admis.sion duu, for De-
Iroit, Mich, ror 1992-1994, along wilh
size-fracti()natl~d particle concentra-
tion. dutu from u nearby moniloringsta-
tion in Windsor, Ontario. As reported
by !to ct al,'" updated analyses of these
dura showed positive ussocintions llf
PM~.,\ for hospitalization for pneumo-
nia, COPD, ischemic heart disease, and
heurt failure, In comparison with the
present stud)', the rtpol'tcd risk esti-
mates were scveral-fold highl~r. Mool-
gavkar..",."1 used data for LLlS Angeles
Counl)', Calirornia, ror 1987-1995 and
found thar PMl,'\ was significallll)' tL.....\O-
daled with risk for hospital admissillll
for cardiovascular disease in pt'rsons
aged 65 years or older. Sheppard et al"""
reported a positive association or PMJ.~
with risk for hospital admission for
asthma in Seattle, \Vash, for 1987-
2004, but elderly pasons were ,,,-
eluded. rinally, Burnett et al'\) assessed
risk for hospitalization for curdiores-
pirntory diseuses in relution to pnrlicu-
late air pollution over 3 summers in
Toronto, Ontario. Positive ns.<.;ociations
were. found in univariate modds that
were attenmHed with considel1tlion of
gaseous pollutants in bivariate models,
Then~ is much more literature on PMIO
and risk for hospitaliztllion, which gen-
cmlly shows positive asslldations.~,'\lln
most urban locations across the United
States, PMJ... accounts for ut lenst half of
the PMlIl mass, and a scaling factor of
0.55 has been used loconvcrt PMIO con-
centrations to PMl.... With this assump-
tion, our quantitativc findings for PMl_,
are quite similar to those for both PMw
and for PM.!,', as recent I)' summarized by
the EPA...1 Thecomparnbilit)' of the PM\l1
and PM::..... eSlimalcs suggests that the
dfect or PM III on hospital ttdmissions
largely renects its PMl... component.
The sources of particles contributing
to the obsclved risks need to be idcnH-
Cl2006 Amukan Medln.1 Associalioa, All rights r~uved.
lied so that control stmtegit's can be tar-
geted efficientl)'. BccauSt~ the source mix
for PM~.,\ varies across locutions, we ex-
plored spatial variation of the effect of
PM2,,~ on risk for hospitalizution. Strong
evidence for spatial heterogeneity in tlll~
eO'cct of PMu on risk for hospitaliza-
tion was found, The pattern and degree
oflll~terogeneit)' tended to vary byout-
come measure, Because the magnitude
of the dfects contrasled greatly in the
cumpurisons between th(~ 7 regions,
counties were grouped into an Eastern
region and a Western region. There arc
known dirrert'nces in thc t'omposition of
particles at this gcogmphic scale, includ-
ing a greater sulfate component in the
East and a greatcr nill1.tte component
in tht, West.~ There are also well-
characterized differt~nccs in the mix of
sources acf't).SS these broad areas that may
be rdcvnnl, including power genef'c3.-
tion and the smokestack industry in the
Enst und a larger contribution from tmns-
portation sources in pariS of the Wt.st.
With clear and continuing indica-
tion that inhaled panicles arrect pub-
lic heulth advcrscl)', the cmphasisofre-
search should shifl toward the difficult
issue of identifying those characteris-
tics of partidt.s that determine their tox-
icity.' The EPA'sSpcciation Trends Net-
work, which is now providing ('xtensive
data on characteristics or PM',l.~ at se-
lected sites, orlers a needed resource for
this reseal'Ch. ~l
Under the Clean Air Act,'11 the EPA
is requin~d to set a particulate matter Na-
tionul Ambient Air Quality Standanl that
protects public health with an "ad-
equate margin of s.1fety." Our findings
indicate an ongoing Ihreatto the health
L)f I he elderly pllpulation from air-
borne particles and provide a mtionale
for sctting a PM~., National Ambient Air
Qualit)' Standurd th~\l is as protective of
their health as possible. Our national ap-
proach offers a method for continuing
to search for tlu~ chamcteristics of par-
ticles that determine their toxicity,'ll
Author Conlrlbutlons; Ors Dominici, P~nR, And
McDcrmott ilnd Mr Ph.lm had rull aCtt~ to nil of the
dllta in lhc ~ludy dnd lI\kc respon~1ily for lhe Integ-
rity of Um data and th~ 4ttufacy ollhc data analysi~
SbtdyrollCCpt .mddc<;;f.:rl: Oominid, PerJR, Zi'.ger.Samcl
Acquj~llion of data: Dominici, McDermotL
(Reprinted) JAMA, Mal\',h 8, 20()6-V\)ll'1~, Nt). 10 1133
Downloaded from www.jama.com at San Diego State University on May 25, 2008
HOSPITAL ADMISSION RATES AND EXPOSURE TO FINE PARTICULATE POLLUTION
ArlalY5r~ and in!crpre!d6on o( dd/a: Dominici, Peng,
Bell, Pham, McDermott, Zege:f.
Drafling of the mil1lu~cript: Dominici, Peng, Pham,
SaITl(lt,
Cn'tirill 'f!vi.~ion of the m;mu.~rrjpl for import/tnl i,,-
tellectuill COlI!cnL' Dominici, Peng, Bell, McDermott.
Zeger. Silmet.
Sli'l/i~tical analysis: Dominici, Peng, Bell, Pham,
McDermott, Zoger,
Obldincd IWldirlg: Dominici, Bell, Samet
Admjru'draUV1l. tcdwicnJ. ex mil/Mal support Dominici.
Studywpcrvi.~on: Dominici.
Flnanclal DIsclosures: None reported,
Funding/Support: Funding IOf Drs Dominici,
McDc:nnolt, Zeger. and Samel was provided by ~ US
Environmental Protection Agency (RD-83241701).
Fundina InrDr;.Domlni<:i, Peng, Ilnd Zl',gcrllnd MrPhtlrn
W/lS dlso provided by the NalioMllnstilulc for Envi-
ronmcnllll Health Sciences (E5012054.oJ) and by the
Nalion.ll Institute of Environmental Heallh Scienens'
Center In Urban Envlronmllnli'll Health (P30ES03819).
Funding for Dr BcD was provided by It.c Health Effccls
Institute, an organizilUon joinUy funded by the Envi-
ronmnnl.ll Pmtnclion Agency and automotive m<1l'lu-
lacturers through the W"Uer A. Ros<mblilh New Invcs.
tigator AWdrd (4720-RFA04-2/04-16).
Role at the Sponsor. The funding agencies/sponsors
Iklcd .1Dove hIld no involvcnwnl in the design and con-
ductal the study; in the collection, managemcnl..analy.
sk. or interpmtation 01 the data: or in the pmpara-
lion, review, or approval of the manuscript
Dlsdalmllr: The msearch dnscribNl in lhis article was
lunded wholly or in part by the US Environmental Pro-
tnction Agency through a grant to Johns Hopkins Uni-
vCl"'ilty but It has not been subjected to the Environ-
menl.i'll Prot(\ctlon Agency's required peer and policy
review dnd therefore docs not neen'>$arily reflect fur.
vir.ws of thr. EnvIronmental Protection Agency and no
offici.1! endorsement should be inferred. The con-
tents 01 this article do not nCC'Css.ltily rellect the views
and policies of the Health Ellects Institute.
Acknowledgment We thank Charlour. <*-rczak, MLA.
lor hr.rr.dilarial input and Keil.l Ebisu, MS, for his.lid
in collecting the parliculate matter dat.l. Neither Ms
GC<<'Zdk nor Mr Ebisu received any financial campen-
S,ltion for their work.
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3&. TOlIloumi G, KlIlsouYlmni K, Zmirou O. elal, Short-
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37. DominidF,McOermoltA, HasticTJ. Improvttlscmi.
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38. Pope CA Ill, Hansen ML, Long RW, et al. Ambi-
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39. Pope CA Ill. Burnett RT, Thurston GO, cl al. Car~
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40. Brook RD, Fmnklin a, CdSclO W, el dl. Air pt)lIuUon
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2671.
41. Sun Q, Wllllf; A, Jin X, et nl, LonR,-tenTl air pollu.-
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294:3003-3010.
42, KunzfiN,JerreUM,MnckWJ,etilI.Ambieoldirpol~
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51. Slicb OM, Jude!.: S, Burnett RT. Mctd-ana!ysis or
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W.I.~lc MW;)R AtsQc. 2oo3;53:25B-261.
52. Ollien 01 AlrQualily Planning and StJlndnrck. QII~/-
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1134 JAMA, Mllf\:h fl, 2006-Vn1295, N,). 10 (Reprinted)
<<':11006 ^mCl"l<:an M~dical Assodll.lion. All righls ~"~.
Downloaded from www.jama.com at San Diego State University on May 25, 2008
.:_A' -},jI\A'; S
5"/22/t'8
--....-.
-.-..01
IVlore deaths in state are linked to air pollution
By JANET WILSON
Times Staff Writer
As many as 24,000 deaths
annually in California are
linked to chronic exposure to
fine particulate pollution" tri-
ple the previous oMcial esti-
mate of 8,200, according to
state researchers.
The revised figUres are
based on a review of new re-
search across the nation about
the hazards posed by micro-
scopic particles, which sink
. !leep into the lungs.
"Our report concludes these
particles are 70% more danger-
ous than previously thought,
based on several major studies
that have occurred in the last
five years," said Bart Croes,.
chief researcher for the Califor-
nia Air Resources Board. eroes
will present his fmdings at a
board meeting in' Fresno this
morning.
The studies, inclu"ding one
by USC tracking 23,000 people
in greater Los Angeles, and an-
other by the American Cancer
Society monitoring 300,000
people across the United
States, have found rates of
heart attacks, strokes and
other serious disease increase
exponentially after exposure to
even slightly higher amounts of
metal, dust or other fragments
from tailpipes and smoke-
stacks.
It is difficult to attribute in-
dividual deaths to particulate
pollution, Croes conceded. but
he' said long.term studies that
account for smoking, obesity
and other risks have increas-
ingly zero...."'Clln on fine particu-
----
(()
. late pollution as a killer.
"There's no. death certifi-
cate . that says specifiCally
someone died of air pollution,
but cities with higher rates of
air pollution have much greater
rates of death from cardiovas~
cular diseases," he said. -
U Californians exposed t~
high levels of fine particulates
had their lives cut short on av-
erage by ~O years, the board
staff found.
. Researchers also found that
when particulates are cut" even
temporarily, death rates fall.'
"When Dublin imposed a
coal ban, when Hong Kong im.
posed reductions in sulfur di.
oxide, when there was a steel
mill strike in Utah . . . they saw
immediate reductions in
deaths," Crees said.
More measures will be
needed, air board officials said,
including eventually lowering
the maximum permissible
levels of soot statewide. Califor-
nia already has the lowest
thresholds in the world, at 12
micrognims per cubic meter,"
but researchers say no safe lev.
el of exposure has been found.
More regulations are being
. drafted. including one requir-
ing cleaner heavy-duty trucks.
"We must work even harder
to cut short these life-shorten-
ing emissions," Air Resources
Board Chairwoman Mary
Nichols said in a statement.
Clean air advocates said
they would be watching closely."
"These numbers are shock-
Ing; they're incredible," said
Tim Cannichael, senior policy
director for the Coalition for
Clean Air, a statewide group.
He and others said the board
must strengthen a soot clean~
up plan submitted to them by .
the San Joaquin Valley Air Pol-
lution Control District. A hear-
ing and vote on the plan is
scheduled for today.
Numerous Central Valley
public health groups wrote
Nichols this week, urging bans
o~ the use of industrial equip~
ment on bad air days, tOugher
controls on boilers and crop
drying equipment, and other
action. The eco~omic <;ost at-
tributed to premature deaths
and illnesses linked to particu~
late exposure in the Central
Valley has been estimated at
" $3 billion a year, and $70 billion
statewide, according to sepa~
rate studies. Those figure are
expected to be revised upward
based on the new report.
"We must clean up the air.
We cannot aiford further de-'
lay," the group wrote.
Agricultural and construc~
tion industry groups have
fought such provisions, ;5aying
that they could cripple the re-
gion's economy, but have not
publicly complained about the "
plan as proposed. Board"
spokesman Leo Kay said- that
giVen the new mortallty find-
ings, "I certainly don't expect a
rubber~stamp approv~.""
janet.wilson@latimes.com
. ~
:Most Precious 'Brood Church
MISSIONARY OBLATES OF MARY IMMACULATE
1245 Fourth Ayenue' Chula Vista, CA 91911.3012.(619) 422.2100. Fax (619) 422.1375
Social Justice Committee
Honorable Mayor and City Council members
276 4th Ave
Chula Vista, CA 91910
(619) 691-5044
May 27, 2008
RE: Opposition to the new MMC Peaker Plant
Dear Honorable Mayor and City Council members,
As the associate priest at Precious Blood Church in Chula Vista, I am writing to express our
deep concern and strong opposition to the expansion of the MMC "peaker" plant that is being
proposed on Main St. in Southwest Chula Vista. Our Church is a large congregation located
approximately two miles from the proposed power plant expansion location. Our parish is made up of
families that live, work, or attend school near the MMC plant. For our families, the power plant is an
unwelcome polluter, adding additional toxic pollution to a community that already has a
disproportionate share of pollution coming from the giant power plant on the bay. These families
should not be forced to live next to a plant that will be larger and have the potential to pollute more
than the current peaker plant - a plant that should never have been placed within our community in
the first place.
This is a community with many children and elderly residents struggling with asthma and other
respiratory illnesses. Every Sunday I see these families struggle with health problems, yet still
faithfully attend services. According to recent studies, Chula Vista already has higher rates of asthma
than the county average and Southwest Chula Vista in particular has amongst the highest rates in the
city. This is a community whose air quality already violates health standards.
Residences are only a few hundred feet away and there is an elementary school less than 1500 feet
away from the plant. A 2001 statewide study by Latino Issues Forum cited the existing peaker as an
example that power plants are disproportionately located in communities oflower income families,
such as southwest Chula Vista.
This trend of allowing larger and larger power plants to poison our communities must end. We
deserve to live, play, and work in a pollution free environment. It is a sad fact that even when our City
Council passes policies in an updated General Plan aimed at protecting residences and schools from
power plants, these policies appear not to extend into our community. . A vote against the MMC plant
by upholding the general plan would be an important step in fighting this enduring environmental
injust~ice. .~~ ~"~'.' ' .
TankYu./ ,. .
::.vA. < /;
. Y1 ::a / \ ~, y /2J;1 V) /l
ather atrick Thompson, 0.$/ '( ?J /...
Associate Pastor n'f
According to 19.64.070 Cessation of use defined - Time limits.
A use shall be deemed 10 have ceiL,ed ...hen illl/ls been di,conlinued eilher lemrJOrurilv or /Jermanefll/l'. ...herher ...ilh
rhi! intenllo "hafldon said use or flor.
A. se-ol8uit?Jin Desi ned for Nonconformin Use. A buildin or structure which was
on inal/ desi ned for a nonconformin use shal/not be ut to a nonconformin use a ain when such use has
ceased 12 months or more. The existing peaker did not operate for nearly two years. This
should have voided its SUP and prevented it from restarting. Code Enforcement
instead of taking action on this code violation referred it to the City Attorney to give
MMC due process. When I, pointed out how clearly this highlighted the biased nature of
code enforcement, they referred ONE of the current code enforcement cases to the
city attorney, but not the others. Only rich out of state corporations merit due process
apparently. This twisted policy illustrates why people need to vote YES on prop E and
make it clear to the council that we are not happy with the favoritism being shown by
the city and we, the people, want a bigger say in the decisions that are made. Prop E is
extremely limited, but it sends the message that the people want to have a say on what
' happens in this city. That's why I voted YES and I urge everyone who is unhappy
about what has been going on in this city to join me in voting YES.
The city has started Southwest United in Action. Well we need to be united in
action against 70 foot tall smoke stacks in our neighborhood and the placement of
polluting heavy industrial uses within 20 feet of businesses, 350 feet of people's homes
and less than a half mile from 6 schools. This violates our zoning ordinances, our
General Plan, the current five-year redevelopment plan, common sense, and common
decency. The question is whose side is the council on? We know councilmen Ramirez
and Castaneda are on our side, but what about the rest of the council? Councilman
Rindone wrote an excellent editorial in 2001 against RAMCOII, which was smaller than
this "large generating facility". He stated in his editorial that, "Most agree that peaker
plants adversely affect the air quality in the location where they are built." The
correctness of this statement has not changed. In 2001 the council all opposed a
67mw plant. What is the council's position now for a facility called by MMC's lawyer "a
large generating plant?" Do you support the large New York corporation MMC that
would gladly promise campaign contributions or the businesses and residents who will
be adversely affected by MMC's proposed inappropriate and illegal use?
I have copies of a petition circulated last Oct &Nov with 300 signatures and 69
letters that make it clear we expect the council to support US and not some out of town
corporation.
On 5/12 the law 'er for MMC made it clear this was a "Iar!!e _eneratin
uPl!rade to the suhstation. This makes this essentiallv a totallv NE\V use.
hit :/Iwww.\.outube.com/\.n.AS\.uuB W3M The existin leaker is a small lant and did not re uire an
u rade. This a ain affirms that this is total a NEW use and the fact that the old lant received a SUP
is irrelevant!
As stated hy Michael Meecham on 5/12108 the carhon emissions from Ihis plant would be between
7-and 25% of all the carhon emissions for the city. Since the cit), has signed the Kyoto Treat). and
o
"
currently has an increase of .'5% carbon emissions, this facility would have an extremely negative effect
upon the total environment ofChula Vista and cause severe hardships for the citizens who will have to
some how eut back 42-55% in order to have a chanee of meeting our goal to lowering emissions to 1990
lenls. http://www.voutube.eom/v/tlu2-GIQNIU There will be a new regulatory doeument once adopted
formal!)' by the council in a few months:
http://www.chulavistaca.!!:ov I clean! co nserva tio n!C lim a te/ccw!!: 1.as p
19.64.070 Cessation of use defined - Time limits.
A IIse shall he deemed to have ceased ",hen it has been discontinued either temDorarilv or Dermanentlv. ",hether ",ith
the intent to "handon said use or not.
A. Cessatioll of Use of Buildinll Desillned for Nonconforminll UW!. A buildinll or structure ",hich was oriT!inallv
desiened for a nonconformine use shall not be DIll to a noncon/ormine use aeain ",hen such use has ceased 11 months
or more.
This peaker did not operate for two years. It was illegally restarted several times by MMC Energy. For any
other business in the I-L zone this would be considered illegal. For this business it should also be considered
illegal. By ceasing operations for more than a year they voided their SUP and have been operating without a
permit. They are a non-conforming use with no SUP. This is in violation of zoning codes and city code
enforcement policy.
General Plan:
There is also the matter of the General Plan approved in December of2005. I served on the Environmental and
Open Space committee for several years. We specifically were referring to this particular peaker plant (and the
Southbay Power Plant or any other plant) when we insisted this be part of the General Plan. Also this proposed
plant is a large generating facility and as such is fundamentally a different use than the existing peaker plant.
This is not just an upgrade of an existing use, but a different use. This is verified by the need for an upgrade of
the substation: E 6.4 Avoid sitina new or re-powered enerQV aeneration facilities and other
maior toxic air emitters within 1.000 feet of a sensitive receiver. or the IJlacement of a sensitive
receiver within 1.000 feet of a maior toxic emitter.
E 23.3 Avoid sitina industrial facilities and uses that pose a sianificant hazard to
human health and safety in proximity to schools or residential dweflinas. The fact that the state of
California requires the posting of a warning sign on this facility, a hazardous materials management plan and a
business plan indicate that it poses a significant hazard to human health and safety.
Obiective - E 20 Ensure that facilities usina. storina. and handlina hazardous materials and
waste do not result in sicmificant adverse effects to existina and planned surroundina land
uses. The situation around this plant now is totally different than in 2001 when it was surrounded by
junkyards and other storage facilities with a variety of hazardous materials. Now to the west and soon to the east
are large meat processing plants. (Will consumers think that the particulate matter might contaminate the meat?)
Across a 20 foot driveway to the east is an upscale design studio and a print shop. These businesses depend
upon client visits. A facility such as a large generating facility with a cheap chain link fence with slats and two
70 foot tall smoke stacks will likely have a significant adverse effect upon these businesses just due to visual
blight and public perception. Will international business people wish to attend workshops at a studio adjacent to
something like this or come to drop off work or view show room samples? Madella Studios bought this condo.
They were told by the developer that the plant was not functioning and would be torn down within 10 years and
the area redeveloped with another use. When they were in National City they hosted several international
conferences of design professionals who wanted to learn their techniques of stenciling. They were hoping to do
the same here, but are not sure people will come. Sir Speedy Printing gets phone and online orders, but also
expects people to drop by with work. Will people be willing to come passed this plant in operation?
19.66.140 Air contaminants.
A person shall not discharge .from any source whatsoever such quantities of air contaminants, includingjlyash. dust,
fumes, vapors, gases, and other forms of air pollution, as per Section 24243 of the State Health and Safety Code, or olher
material, which will cause injury, detriment, nui.vance, or annoyance to any considerable number of persons or to the
public or which endanger the comfort. repose, health or safety of any such persons or the public or which cause or have a
natural tendency to cause injury or damage to animals. vegetation. business or property. In no event shall any emission,
from any chimney or other source, or any solid or liquid particles in concentrations exceed 0.4 grains per cubic foot of
the conveying gas at any point. (Ord 1212 ~ I, 1969; prior code ~ 33. 703 (H)). 19.66.15019-186
It clearly causes Air Pollution so it violates this perfonnance standard. The peaker clearly
produces. uses and stores daneerous and obiectionable elements-oil. ammonia. etc. The sien required to
be displayed and the permits net.'ded from APCD and the County Environmental Hazardous Materials
department verify this.
19.66.020 Creation of dangerous or objedionable elements prohibited.
No land or building in any district shall be used or occupied in any manner so as to create any dangerous. injurious.
noxious or otherwise objectionable fire, explosion or other hazard; noise or vibration; smoke. dust. odor or other form of
air poilu/ion; heat. cold. dampness, electrical or other disturbances; glare; liquid or solid refUse or wastes; or other
substance, condition or element in such a manner or in such an amount as to affect adversely the surrounding area or
adjoining premises; the foregoing are hereinafter referred to as "dangerous or objectionable elements. " No use shall be
undertaken or maintained unless it conforms to the regulations of this chapter in addition to the regulations set forth for
the district in which such use is situated (Ord. 1212 ~ I, 1969; prior code ~ 33. 702).
The peaker is contrary to these six eoals of the current Five Year Redevelopment Plan:
Eliminate Blight: Eliminate and prevent the spread of blight and deterioration and to conserve,
rehabilitate, and redevelop the Project Areas in accordance with the Redevelopment Plans.
Stimulate Economic Growth: Attract, expand, and retain desirable business and industry which
effectively increases employment opportunities for community residents and enhance the tax
base of local govemments.
Jobs for the Neighborhood: Promote local employment opportunities.
Protect Local Businesses: Encourage the cooperation and participation of residents, businesses, businesspersons,
public agencies, and community organizations in the
redevelopment/revitalization of the Project Areas.
Promote Compatible Development: To encourage the development of residential. commercial,
and industrial environments which positively relate to adjacent land uses, upgrade and stabilize
existing uses, and preserve artistically, architecturally, and historically worthwhile structures and
sites. To provide for the development of distinct commercial districts, to attain consistent image
and character, and to enhance their economic viability.
Provide Quality Design: To remove impediments to land assembly and development through
Acquisition and reparcelization of land into reasonably sized and shaped parcels. To expand the
resource of developable land by making underutilized public and privately owned property
"available for redevelopment. To achieve an environment reflecting a high level of concem for
architectural. landscape, and urban design principals appropriate to the objectives of the
Redevelopment Plans. Create physical buffers, which ameliorate the adverse effects of changing
land uses along interfaces and discourage "spot zoning" and piecemeal planning practices.
The two 70 foot towers will create visual bli!!ht for businesses. homes and users of the OVRP. The
buildine itself will be a sienificant blieht for the commercial tvpe buildines on the east and west.
hllp://www.youtube.com/wa tch ?v=fOuSraebOQC
A buildine such as this operatine 20 feet awav will not attract businesses to the industrial buildine to the
east. The people who boueht here thoueht it was eoine away. This does not help their business potential
at all. hUp://www.voutube.com/watch?v=vFbu8tcCaWA
One part lime employee does not promote employment opportunities or security.
hUp:/ /www.youtube.com/watch ?v=rdeO IM8blZI
A peaker plant does not protect local businesses.
This is not compatible development. It does not positivelv relate to adjacent landuses. particularly on the
east and south.
This is NOT a Quality dcsi!!n for thc area. There is no buffer with the businesses to the east. This is "spot
zonin!!'" and piecemeal plannin!!. This heavy industrial use belones elsewhere. Placine it here totallv
contradicts all the plans for this area.
The Redevelopment Plan further states about the Montgomery area: It is also characterized, however, by numerous
light-industrial uses and large-sized parcels, particularly along Main Street. that will provide important redevelopment and
economic development opportunities to the City, including the creation of new commercial and light-industrial uses. and
the environmental cleanup of contaminated properties.
The peaker does none of this. just adds visual blil~ht that will discoural!e the sale of the rest of the condos
adjacent to it.
LUT 5.6 talks of revitalization. An intensification of the peaker and addition of two 70 foot towers will lower
the property values and development potential in the area. since surrounding uses have radically changed since
2000.
LUT 6.8 There is no guarantee that people will not be negatively impacted by the transport of ammonia. The
County gave 80% credit for conlainment of ammonia due to polyballs, which are an unproven controversial
technology. Essentially the protection is doubtful in the event of an accident or spill.
LUT 7.3 The minmal requirement of 1,000 feet from schools is new. The older rCQuirement was a half
mile. which was minimal.This is not being met for 6 schools: Montgomery Headslart, Montgomery Adult,
Montgomery High, Olay Elementary, Albany Headslart, and CVESD Pre-K which are all less than a half mile
from the peaker. If the CEC were to get a copy of the spreadsheet maintained by Dale Parent for the CVESD
staff would see that there are more cases of asthma and other respiratory problems at Otay Elementary and
Montgomery Elementary than at other school sites. This is due to the contamination in the air around this
neighborhood. This plant running up to 800 hours per year will make this situation worse.
htto://....ww. voutube.com/v/Sv I GdmN fA3s
.u.uThen there is the fact that SDG&E has slated it does not need peaker power in this area and has
refused a contract with MMC. MMC has a contract with the ISO and will be firing up in response to slate-wide
needs not local ones. In fact they must install a protection system essentially two cut-offbreakers to make sure
. that they will not overload the existing transmission lines once Olay Mesa comes on line.
. hlto://www.voutube.com/watch?v=F80HAEHu W sa
The electricity generated by this facility goes into the grid and goes where ever there is a need.
It is not used locally. My solar collectors provide for my needs and then some. CVEUP is NOT
needed locally. As staff says this area is "built out" and the use of electricity is what it is. It is not going
to grow tremendously. The growth will be in the east. We don't put a high demand on the grid. The
existing peaker was not used at all for the last two years and all together was not used enough to refill
. the ammonia tank even one time. The only result of putting CVEUP here would be an increase in
profit for MMC. Some day I do believe grids will be obsolete and energy will be generated by fuel cells
and other sustainable uses for small areas. This is not the case now. The project engineer admitted
at the first public hearing that this peaker could be put anywhere in the greater San Diego area and
still fill the exact same need. (http://www.voutube.com/watch?v=2 aarWUROiU) Assistant City
Manager Scott Tulloch and the Environmental Health Coalition confirmed with SDGE that MMC has
no contract with them. Their only contract(?) is with the ISO which will fire up the plant in response to
state-wide, NOT LOCAL, needs. The lawyer for MMC also confirmed this in her discussion on
contracts or the lack of same: http://www.voutube.com/v/TAS\.uuBQW3M.
This is an e-mail from Laura Hunter:
Attached is a copy of the letter from ISO to The Mayor. You will note some important things.
1. ISO clearly states that 2 of the following 3 power sources, if they go on line, will allow RMR
from SBPP to be removed. They are: 1. Otay Mesa Generating Station, 2. Sunrise Powerlink,
or 3. new Peaker plants currently under contract.
2. The peaker plants that are referred to in the letter at the one in Pala and Orange County. I
verified this with SDGE-there is no current contract with MMC and they don't even need
peaking in the South Bay area to remove RMR!
3. EHC needs to point out that the two north county peakers also have siting issues and need to
be located further from people.
But, it is clear that Otay Mesa and peaking capacity in the north county somewhere allows the RMR
to be removed.
This peaker plant is not needed in this location to ensure energy reliability for
Chula Vista nor to get the "must run" taken off the southbay plant. In the letter
recently sent to the mayor the ISO clearly states that 2 of the following 3
power sources, if they go on line, will allow RMR from South Bay Power
Plant to be removed. Theyare: 1. Otay Mesa Generating Station, which
is under construction 2. Sunrise Powerlink, or 3. new Peaker plants
currently under contract. These are the Pala peaker and the Orange County
peaker. SDGE has verified that they have no contract with MMC Energy and do
not need additional peaker power in the southbay. At the meeting on May 12
MMC's lawyer also indicated that they had no contract with SDGE. By law
SDGE is required to allow anyone who asks to hook up to their substation. MMC
is being required to install two cut-off breakers to shut down their "large
generating facility" immediately if there is a possibility of overloading the
transmission lines. Apparently once Otay Mesa goes on line the use of the MMC
peaker would require an upgrade of the transmission lines unless these cut-ojfs
are installed to protect them from over load. This is clear proof there is no local
needfor this plant. MMC has a contract with the ISO to help with problems
elsewhere in the state. They could do this in some other location. The only
reason they want to do it here is to make more money for themselves. The council
needs to put the health, prosperity and peace of mind of the residents of Chula
Vista above the profit of a New York Company.
Another important reason to reject this large generatingfacility is that At the
May 12 meeting Michael Meechum indicated that this plant, if allowed, would
produce 7-25% of all the Carbon monoxide in the city ofChula Vista making it
extremely difficult if not impossible for us to meet our carbon reduction goals.
Please consider these points andjoin us infighting the proposed MMC peaker
plant.
" ,
Date:
Mayor Ch~ryl Cox
Councilmemb~rs: Steve Castan~da, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A 100-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
" ~VV\ Not 0 PPO..,S<2.J -\-0 {(;I..e. ~(,6(LJ~.U~ ^-Jet.'J~ C)~:..
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.
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Council members: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from SOx, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
;
T '('. A Re::,IDENT IN Olfl.,o- i Wi611 .::r.sv~:J C~:SlS"TD TlI€::"
. . V" 7YI 0"'-"';4;:-;(2... .p.i" .)T uPQ7JJ)'G. -me Ale. 4' () A-L, i;:\-
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March 2, 2008
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Council Members: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear Mayor and Council,
I am a teacher at Montgomery High School, which is very close to the proposed
Chula Vista Peaker Plan Upgrade. I am adding my voice to that of many residents that
oppose the enlargement of this plant. The air quality in this area is already compromised
by a cement plant and other urban pollution. The school has students doing exercise
outside in physical education classes and sports throughout the day. Additional air
pollutants are harmful to the health of the students. lbe incidence of asthma is much
higher in the south bay area than other areas of the county and we have many students
with asthma attending the school. They would be negative affected by this power plant as
well.
This power plant does not meet the buffer of 1000 feet from businesses, houses,
and schools, which the Chula Vista General Plan requires for power plants, and should
not be built.
Sincerely,
,
;'~x.- \L l' P 1,!J..V~'~'-2--..AJ
Yahoo! Mail - mayepis@yahoo.eom
Page I of I
YAHOO'oMf:..IL
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Prilll - Close Window
Ilalr: .\lon, 7 Jan ~1.l~)X 17:.16: J(1 .1):\00 (I'ST)
From:
"~brk Ycpis" <11
....
SuhjrlO': Olay Villky l~l'gj'Hlal Park (UVRP) ;mJ ;\L\ll" I'cakef E.\pansi\lll
To: jmLc:lnn1!.:i.o.:hula-\"isla.Cil_US, greS.c"\:!]SdCoullly.ca,go\", bcnhucso:J'sanJieg() !:Ill\". o.:o;')'\:0'cLdmln-visla.:n,u5
Dear Si~s and Madam:
Isn't the pu.:-pose of Otay Valley Regional Park (OVR?) to "provide
residents and visitors recrea~ional oppor~unities ranging from playing
fields and picnic areas to =-liking, biking, and horse trails. At the same
time, the park '\vill protect open space, '.>li1d1ife, historic, agricultural,
and archaeological resources."?
By allowing the expansion of MMC isn't that objective being put in
jeopardy? How safe is a person supposed to feel taking a hike with his/her
family to see nature knowing there is a plant emitting toxins just
100' EO off feet a'.vay? ~'lhat happens if there's an ammonia leak at the plant
while people aie hiking in the area? How tragic would this be? At this
point, the money spent to enjoy this wonderful natural gift would be in
vain.
r understand that our city/county is growning and but we must provide
viable safe solutions to these needs. Please consider using your
positions to delay/stop the e:{pansion of this project until all environmental
impact studies are done and there is no danger to the enviro~ment and
our children. .r am also urging you to attend a meeting at Otay
Elementary, 1651 Albany Ave., Ch~la Vista on Thursday January, 17th from
5pm-6pm.
Thank you for your time and your consideration.
Mark A Yepis
~1~~,.~
Looking for last minute shopping deals? ~ "'\"j"'~~'"' ~ :.;;~. ':~,~~ "
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Find them fast \vi th 'tahoo! Search. ..... .', -;"}....-',\
http://tools.searcil.yshoo.com/newsearch/category.pllp?c~tegory=~hoppillg
http://us.tJ24.mail.yahoo.eom/ym/ShowLettcr''box=Sent&Msgld=6170_10018094_28951 7 _751LXIOO~
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Date: 't' L j U ()
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindonc, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A 100-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
/)
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Fecha: 2.-1 L r: ! 06
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Estimado Alcalde y el Concilio:
Pedimos que el concilio sostenga a los miembros de la comunidad del sudoeste que seran
impresionados por el desperfecto visual aumentado, por el riesgo aumentado, y por la
contaminacion aereo aumentada (de sax, VOC, y las emisiones de particula) de una central
electrica de peaker ampljada. Esto no es una ubicacion apropiada- 350 pies de hogares y menos
de 1500 pies de un Centro de recreo y tres escuelas (Albany Headstart, una pre-K, y Otay
Elemental). Esta comunidad ya es impactada mucho por la contaminacion de camiones e
industria, y un poco mas es inaceptable.
Lamentamos que nosotros no hablamos en contra cuando la planta original fue construida
aqui. Nosotros desgraciadamente no entendimos el impacto hasta que fue construida. EI
concilio concord6 con nosotros cuando RAMCO II fue propuesto, y esperamos que el concilio
nos apoye ahora.
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La direccion: ' ,. , .
El nlllnero de anos que vivo en esta direccion: (V
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Fecha:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 FOUlth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Estimado Alcalde y el Concilio:
Pedimos que eI concilio sostenga a los miembros de la comunidad del sudoeste que senin
impresionados por el desperfecto visual aumentado, por el riesgo aumentado, y por la
contaminacion aereo aumentada (de SOx, VOC, y las emisiones de particula) de una central
electrica de peaker ampliada. Esto no es una ubicacion apropiada- 350 pies de hogares y menos
de 1500 pies de un Centro de recreo y tres escuelas (Albany Headstart, una pre-K, y Otay
Elemental). Esta comunidad ya es impactada mucho por la contaminacion de camiones e
industria, y un poco mas es inaceptable.
Lamentamos que nosotros no hablamos en contra cuando la planta original fue construida
aqui. Nosotros desgraciadamente no entendimos el impacto hasta que fue construida. EI
concilio concordo con nosotros cuando RAMCO II fue propuesto, y esperamos que el concilio
nos apoye ahora.
Yo / \/0 ft.-I../Cr
Sinccramcntc,
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EI nombre: f -
La direcci6n: "'l"'."\ , \'I~"
EI nlllTIero de aiios que vivo en csta direccion: yc
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~:'h~"'''''"'t,r;i!!iIJ.'",;;;X.if.W.:'P.''k.~t!J1itI'~'f.1>~1
Date:
Mayor Ch~ryl Cox
Couneill11~l11bers: St~\'e Castaneda. John McCann, krry Rindlln~. and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. [t is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
-/0
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Date:
Mayor Chcryl Cox
Councilmcmbcrs: Stcvc Castancda. John McCann. Jcrry Rindonc, and Rudy Ramircz
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista. CA 919 I 0
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from SOx, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park. .
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project
/tr I ( ;f?- 0 r;r(7 c.r
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Name: fZ f/. ~I / ~(ar: 1~41? :3 cz...
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ell Ii //
Fecha:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 9 I 91 0
RE: CVEUP
EstimadoAlcalde y el Concilio:
Pedimos que eI concilio sostenga a los miembros de la comunidad del sudoeste que seran
impresionados por el desperfecto visual aumentado, por el riesgo aumentado, y por la
contaminacion aereo aumentada (de sax, VOC, y las emisiones de particula) de una central
eIectrica de peaker ampliada. Esto no es una ubicacion apropiada- 350 pies de hogares y menos
de 1500 pies de un Centro de recreo y tres escuelas (Albany Headstart, una pre-K, y Otay
Elemental). Esta comunidad ya es impactada mucho por la contaminacion de camiones e
industria, y un poco mas es inaceptable.
Lamentamos que nosotros no hablamos en contra cuando la planta original fue construida
aqui. Nosotros desgraciadamente no entendimos el impacto hasta que fue construida. El
concilio concordo con nosotros cuando RAMCO II fue propuesto, y esperamos que el concilio
nos apoye ahora.
1/; ,I / . ,,/?~. /7 &t/i2. (60)1 q;/;-?jI/Clf7 C7ft// /
. /J/et'7ue [Jerri/" 7 /
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El numero de aiios que vivo en esta dircccion:
4i!>"'....I<~\i!it,~~~..,;$.~f'll.
.... ....\'\
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Couneilmembers: Steve Castaneda. John McCann. Jerry Rindone. and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista. CA 91910
RE: CYEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from SOx, YOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
< C/Of! t wi/rll t fO/1I f;tJ11 11/1 /,My t1 e ~ 11 borhCd
c/1Y7y
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\~\'-f'."'{V':'fl:-.+;e;:'j~~'''''' W";'':-''i''l'' ' -"'.. .,;'1!~
Sincerely,
Name: {Ji'e j U 100;1 f\ ~ l,
:\ddress: ~~i~~'w{' i~~
\/i")"" I'i";"" 1"",.(,. \11'
)...1-,' "-',",_,,. ~
Fecha:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Estimado Alcalde y el Concilio:
Pedimos que el concilio sostenga a los miembros de la comunidad del sudoeste que seran
impresionados por el des perfecto visual aumentado, por el riesgo aumentado, y por la
contaminacion aereo aumentada (de sax, VOC, y las emisiones de particula) de una central
electrica de peaker ampliada. Esto no es una ubicacion apropiada- 350 pies de hogares y menos
de 1500 pies de un Centro de recreo y tres escuelas (Albany Headstart, una pre-K, y Otay
Elemental). Esta comunidad ya es impactada mucho por la contaminacion de camiones e
industria, y un poco mas es inaceptable.
Lamentamos que nosotros no hablamos en contra cuando la planta original fue construida
aqui. Nosotros desgraciadamente no entendimos el impacto hasta que fue construida. EI
concilio concordo con nosotros cuando RAMCO II fue propuesto, y esperamos que el concilio
nos apoye ,ahora. - ~ tL.-- k iiJ , ' I _ I--
,~. eel!) ?--' ~~C~U~
s;n"mm,"",~J-~ 'Y c-n:t~
EI nombre: Ie" Q s '" ,Ie; c,,, L <L \. Eo "-
La direccion: ~- < tor., 'i i {
EI nlllnero de anos que vivo en esta llrecclon: ,2-S C( -;;:- 0 -"
, , "'"O! "$Ill(l '!#m
a,:,$lr'i.:.i~ti(>,j.i;1J,."i~";~~,j$(;,,_,'~).Ii4i-'~i,',~'~-" , ',e" ~6
"",l"''.;~~~: '~,". . '.
Date: :L 1/ 7 /~'$
Mayor Chayl Cox
Couneilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth ^ ve.
Chula Vista, CA <)1<)10
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker pmver plant A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community, Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase, This is a totally inappropriate location, ft is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and acommunity park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park,
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters, Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable,
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed, The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 L We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project
'"T~ L}J \\.OY--c... C ~1? \' tJ .
~ ccr-u- W.J:l ~ ~~ ~ +k ~c\~ i !J~
~o \-e\t'S (X ot-:5 0 L\ {YV\ U ~ \1.0 OL~ k~ .
. ~rl~'0~ l\ c~
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Sincerely/, ". . t.
f\, (\ {\.b\v G 0'\N-.. ~~
Name: ~ V\,v'v, .' . .
'~.,= ~
/\dclrcss: ~, " = .,
VI""'" "..;.... I,:.,.... '. ('If' il L
. ..,." ", .... , \ '\ VI-~ ( ^ \'- ]
\ ~ .... V\
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Couneilrnernbers: Steve Castaneda. John i\kCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
SinCCrclY,0---'\~\ dL\ ~l n~(~L~'?
,(\ "''1' - '
"'_, i.:t. :\: ~,..' ' '. __I . '.'-" .' '\
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,1 \,;, '\J""\'1~ .C' "'\) , ~'';i"t;!jl'i:i:~~.!'!t,AI.",,,,..$f,,q.. '" 1:[, {' "'n'7'/!""'''''WI;\
v' \. .. "-" t.i~_,y~, ~'i:t.~"'....'~~::!t.~~.,.. ,.,-.~,.t~.J"',,~::~.t"\oH"" '-<;~'\lf."}:f. *;;";Y"l.tMl
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wot\~AjY- W6\-Y"--+ +~ ~+'tJ ~
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~yu\ '1jCY VY1~\. Gvufcl Y"H<" cD
s~d u .v"'- "t.1ct rtL'-- + LJ ( {)
Date:
!\Iayor C11\:ryl Cox
Couneilmcmbcrs: Stcve Castaneda. John McCann. Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramircz
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 9\910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
We. ~. 'C:~c,k LrJ-LV\...
S /tiC-{ WY ~ty''-f JLt~ -tL:I ~j ~~ 'to-- Acov"--'f
C{ ~ j";fe Vt-, -tL-~ ~~ .
. I
lLP C UYl /-Le c:Lt...--t.
.+~ 6 [( a/I~J!L
,-p I
Sincerely, O'\cUMPlvJ
Name: Lo 'If coCe ')
.\"drcss: '!-l "~
'(,.:;:--: !i\;I1" 'l":""'}O ~y((:,\/Vv
U:e:-
. /L3
\"~'L:'f~lf;.4"'_~""'~~",",.~,,;. ~'~'PJ,'":f;:L~~'
\wfj!~~:;~~., ~~r'w:~t'"~i~;~~7rlo';j.'
Date:
rvlayor Cheryl Cox
Coum:ilmembers: Steve Castaneda. Jllhn MeCann. Jerry Rindone. and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista. CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
,,0~ ~ ,'r- ;+- Ou \- (, \,
U<.\V{~
Sincerely,
lJ:s~~ 0"; -
" I \
,~
~i)-~.-~ ~ ~, ~l.!;' ~{{ .>
Jo"'''' \-l.(~N."'>. \\0
Name:
!\dd.rcss:
Y,',)",: I:":I~" l'~('n:'
/Jv1----'
,... I"",..F.~ V.""~Il'''''',,,,,~,,,~, ,_ ..... :~_~~'Il""!f'"_~.
-,..."G,." ..,f... .....-.....,. .1.i"~..,~""':tfII'~\.... ''i.:o.\,'.~~ I.t :t:i~..'\~.
J~.. ._....:..- ~..,'~ :I'V "w~"'~~"'\_'''!~,,,,,,-7;-'''~.~ ..~'V::.....~:~;~
Date:
1\layor Ch<:ryl Cox
COlln<:ilm<:lllh<:rs: Skv<: Castan<:da. John M<:Cann, krry Rindon<:. and Rudy Ralllir<:z
276 Fourth Ave,
Chula Vista, C1\ 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from SOx, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
~\ Inil"z yqV\ \"(>'V tf\ \ 'M'-\ \ il{ (\"'vl q", ~vf\\'{ ~~'\.vt -\1'--1 c.:c\..lH': \
\ ,
-:~1 \'<"~\"') \.is> \c'd,\'\;,,, .\~ J V":71 "V~ ,\-,\ ~~'\l, 5f\~d""" S\l'.w\U\..
~ \;C VVY>V1IJ'
Name:
i\ddi'ess:
:\/"'1"" ! ;"';'1" j"""," 1 \
" .., ' ,. , ", ." . 1 '\ \ '7
.' _ _ .....'-"Il:i'f':i,.:~%"!..:!.~i~
,~E~"'.'~:i~~i.1~.t..." ;'7:.i'7::-#1'<;',,':., .'I.':,~ie6'
!t,;1;;IW'-701'...~l!i};-,~,-r.. -.
Date:
Mayor Ch~ryl C"X
C()lIn~illl1~lI1b~rs: St~v~ Caslan~Ja. John M~Cal1n, Jerry RinJonc, anJ RuJy Ramircz
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
W...J2., ch, r~ ?~" ~~ -k~ t- ~~ G:'L~ ~\';t{ ?hv -l~.
Sincerely,
""-. 'Yeu>. 't. t ,\.j. "\,
Name:
.-\ddress:
""-, ':1 r"-: !; '- : I~" 11[,1'[_"
~f,...._t~",'l!''''~ a'''' - ___ _". _~
Vfc....~~~~~.:-~~>. ....:..... J~t;~~~.. :.:. '-.i,*,~~::':"~'~ '.P,;l}~." .!Il...
C~\ -,,-.......!,~;... ,I". J.','S~~'" ,4 ~....'~ ..,. "'-"....." ,,"?...~~
V-.L/\ Y IST11 J LA U r; 9 I~ (,( -
'Date:
'Mayor Ch~ryl Cox
k:ouncill11~l11b~rs: St~v~ Castan~da. John il-kCann. krrv Rindon~. and Rudy Rall1ir~z
276 Fourth Ave.
:Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
I
Dear mayor and Council:
, We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
!enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
,
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from SOx, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
'Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
,well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
,traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
. We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
'constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
QCf\(t'lt0fcJ Q t-I. LX:\\ ~ CtlJtJd)1\l\W"-"{;;::L
Sincerely,
(J uOu\ j
Name: 0
.\,J'II'p',s' \ .
, . l '--~h. , ,iF>
\,' ....... 'I.":.... 1,....... . iI ''in;,.,
. \ ,I j ~ : ., ",. '" ". l 'tJ \\",../
01' (c\'(\Jc,-
!'l .
/
I
Date:
Mayor Ch~ryl Cox
Councilmcmbcrs: Stcve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindonc, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A 100-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
l\.loJL 0 QOv Cb -n+1) 16 eJwe CONWlvnJ cl ")
rf\ ;\-
'j
11+e,CE
II r r .-,-, '=?c. ..,., (]'l'c i?VX n-J
2- ik\ Lc,efj :;'P<'..'I () i Yl() ') T (:t- , Vlc:. "-'-' I ' , '--
DZ,q'''OPMC-flTS ""[-tD r2e;-wE -=l OT7\-8' Il-+JS'
. '" /." "--ed'?'f(ll QU'(2
. ""f\" I"'t" ,1,.\.( P't.I()'lSt (\--\1:\\,U.~ '-.i'fIL,.....,~
WK.-v,"'\ ,}.JuJL'/ rl{;\" '- ...
,: C,JM~\.-ni(r OFPose:.,THE: i5uf!..<:'.e'Nl V(f--CC
,----.
T'5
FN"11 ~
~.Jb:'; "'1':" - t- " .-~:'; ,1T";o,.~,; ...~... ~,": -.., ......'m:;o;".
.t,..........~ "".-",' ,...:Ji.~...:"'.'r.."-"~~~~k
:.....~....~~...--_- "..,..~~.-;;CB~..
Date:
Mayor Ch~ryl Cl1X
Cl1uneilm~lIlbers: Steve Castaneda. Jl1hn McCann, J~rry Rindl1ne, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park,
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable,
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed, The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
C^--t- ,..-- -~,'r-.- . I ~ ;-s.
?'-\-d
L-h-.,..-'C
y~e-rc.h~", S
~.I\
b<,,- ~c-+ll
l""-p.<~
l'~
+l.-.:,,:,~ j:=>c_s +-~~~;/--..,
~o/~ l--,,---l- +.... k+--h- Ov< yo-
r-</ .+- "--P"'- 'x........-. '1 +- I
"'-c> _I c(
c..-~ci C'r- V'r7~~~~+
Sincerely, .
/~~
Nallle: h",,< ~/.~;. c:
tr"u<-,. 'c;".u~;..
/\"dress: ,;
\';':;r'~ !i\';;~:' h1'1",-"
~ ...l&~ ~" .... ,1,)1-.... .li#<r. ". r
',.-.
""'i_ ._
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Couneilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
L \ \ II
Lv I \.j n -eye · · '?
an 0 -t h -e y p I CI (t. ,
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!\c~i:"' """""''''''''''!;.':::'~''.l:t':~'l!!i!!i~'''
~f.'!li1iiL,<~~~.. '" .
Date:
Mayor Ch~ryl Cox
Councilmcmbers: Steve Castan~Ja, John McCann, Jerry Rindonc. and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 919]0
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A 100-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
\\-\t::.-
t..-c;;. bolD. ,.1, c~ \;- 0 vi Q
CO""'~""';N!'~ IS 1~ '.1O''''''~
J.-lAN"';:::> So .
P "r.,G'-l".c.N"7 ANr.,..-r\--\.zYL COr.....c('c';.\,.p..,....-\.:>;-J .F~f\^ \fVl('O<:;"\(-Je,l
'--\?ASG- Y_
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\(""-J ~ """ IS
r-J A.. Y'V\ e
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PI1...-o.::.~' T I},,.....,.I~
~H~n-E;I-l0'--t>~'9-S1 f;..D\l'1.
(20 b"'J\ ,f:-c, U CZ PILi-
~~.,!,.:v~...w(", .,.,~:~.~~'ii,',,,lt''''''~...:;.... ~"',..,,), ",. '.. ._t'~
,.. "i;;(-l., ",.;J ".Jl'>.Jl\:\.5"\f,.,,.,~,""l"f1!.mil'll!.':.fiOj,,;;'
-. -. -- ""- ..o;.llli{,'.~."~'. :c.Sf::.~'- ,'':' ,_ _. ....._
'.
Date: 1.- "'?'-5--D 8
Mayor Ch~ryl Cox
Coun~illll~lI1b~rs: St~v~ Castan~da. John M~Cal1l1, J~rry Ril1dol1~. and Rudy Rall1ir~z
276 Fourth ^ ve.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
"rfc~ '-f tont ;" 0- ( rN>S-t I n rn 'j {YW ~ J..~ y
\::acL YOre!" :t vl~d- -fre'6uc'llj' :r am
Vel'/ ()JY1eer () M '+-he 1"1) pocc.+ J W; 1I ' li
~U V-e- \.\) ~hl.s nel@ ~bo(' ~OO tsP:UlO- 1
trY\ '-YheA, \.mIVh, (JoJtoh~ ~
Sincerely,
Yi':1!"'; li',,'ij~t'. ll:'n"
C h l/\.ta... V t -S. tc.-'
Namc:
.\ddrL':,s:
;) 'J6fJF
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A 100-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park. '
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
-( iLI,().. I kl 0.- J!1C"80P- QO''LQ.WI1 --fJ5 OlGL (L(he ~ . D LL~
ChdclQcn CL-ttU1CJ OT!:) G/~nl i!.nc~lQl. CLnCo/ v-c/L~
'J. . AllR (}h aIQLI1(J </JA/~
{)~~4 C01YlPllCfl,L rl Cl--rLLt? ~ . L ~ 'r- u
v~0 U,-,D..- 'P-klnUb- ~Gr^_pD-Ji.1 arct WId y-h()lc.tc! ~Q6 J)(QttJL
d;6 v~6lA'
Sincerely, ~
Name: .
Address: I ili:: .,~
YC8rs Ji\'inc: here:
. .
ftlLri1~y;j(f <01..-
1 \.\\S'
~~":'!~~-:..~ ...... .~.~;, -~, ,"'., ..:>t:'"
"";':,i',\.,' /j~~"".""~:;w.1:; ":f+J!;'it..~"'~f;;,'\J~~.tIt,.: :?
.- !~'~~. J;,:,~~:'i.:~~ '~,. '.~~~6i.1,\~"'"
Date: 5!l !d.eJ0:-5'
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A 100-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park. \
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
\JJ€ c\(;)\..'-\; f\.U6 l'<\\\t iD~llctc6;l,u, 11\Ml UJh.(d '/)JJ.~ .~IDJ"'---V-
C1.l'Vo.o..L{ h CLD .. M~C-0..1 CLlLt c-tGjQA -C& <9-tlf\ ty.1'i\-&LQfl .
.'
Sincerely, jC\1l(ti(t rn~-kv
Name: jOflLtro N\~\..hr
. T
Address: -',i ' \/ .n I i
YC:]f~ Ji\.jn; hefe: I '3 \jH<v S
. - ,~~~,*..,. ]':'ft..f'!J;l!I'
/0' [. \ \\ "c'tf:t.'.;,,~ :.:: q.....I.'ii.I..lc'~ ~~;~... '.' ii':,*'.~."';i~" "
l kLUl( \,; l~fr-0'''''-('}'~''''''' ~.' , , ,
Fecha:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Yista, CA 91910
RE: CYEDP
Estimado Alcalde y el Concilio:
Pedimos que el concilio sostenga a los miembros de la comunidad del sudoeste que senln
impresionados por el desperfecto visual aumentado, por el riesgo aumentado, y por la
contaminacion aereo aumentada (de sax, YOC, y las emisiones de particuJa) de una central
e\ectrica de peaker ampliada. Esto no es una ubicacion apropiada- 350 pies de hogares y menos
de 1500 pies de un Centro de recreo y tres escuelas (Albany Headstart, una pre-I(, y Otay
Elemental). Esta comunidad ya es impactada mucho por la contaminacion'ge camiones e
industria, y un poco mas es inaceptable.
Lamentamos que nosotros no hablamos en contra cuando la planta briginaI fue construida
aqui. Nosotros desgraciadamente no entendimos el impacto hasta que fue COnstruida. EI
concilio concordo con nosotros cuando RAMCO II fue propuesto, y espenynos que el concilio
nos apoye ahora.
r9, U~} SI [;/2-(1. HoS AJoS +0 N{l',.4:u) C/I./ CV8/UI-A..
+C;u b 0 /3 P/.! /lS V /i/j t5AJ ho E;J ch{/ fA tJlStA-
Y ~ +c-,uc; v 3 h ('jOY Y //j t;-:sCJel/t ES +4-
M U Y ~t:t:-cr+ y E3 Pc If "<jf oS iJ
Sinceramente,
"\.... /1A 1.1 "0 /1IUG'-C~
El nombre: I-) (i:)r<- '-I.. f--I'---
La direccion: . ;i~ I ~_"
EI numero de afios que vivo en esta direccion:
~ V.' /fr '" :;r
.,~-, .-"'~"-:----=:-'t...'lt. 'l \'
13~ A""0 u'S'
"'}-~>~''''
Q;.d~~~~o;1~~
""'~ .",.. .
Fecha:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Estimado Alcalde y el Concilio:
Pedimos que el concilio sostenga a los miembros de la comunidad del sudoeste que senin
impresionados por el desperfecto visual aumentado, por el riesgo aumentado, y por la
contaminacion aereo aumentada (de sax, VOC, y las emisiones de particula) de una central
electrica de peaker ampliada. Esto no es una ubicacion apropiada- 350 pies de hogares y menos
de 1500 pies de un Centro de recreo y tres escuelas (Albany Headstart, una pre-K, y Otay
Elemental). Esta comunidad ya es impactada mucho por la contaminacionsie camiones e
industria, y un poco mas es inaceptable. ,
Lamentamos que nosotros no hablamos en contra cuando la planta original fue construida
aqui. Nosotros desgraciadamente no entendimos el impacto hasta que fu~ tonstroida. EI
concilio concord6 con nosotros cuando RAMCO II fue propuesto, y espera,mos que el cancilio
nos apoye ahara.
E 5 + c~ (?vofv E' S ~ c"- e5 ~uy
\l)Ilu \ Q ~ C\V c,,,- \0.-- ~ Cl.. \ U d de
\'Y\ : s 'n\~oS
~
OZ-
~~'
Sinceramente,
EI nombre: . .,' '-'T" ,.
OIl............".....--- """~,..""-.-,,,,,;;..~-.;.!.it~,,,:....>5:;r':';'v.-"~-l":~. ',_' _'- "., !i!'" .', '-~
La d!reccion: ~~y~~;n~~ri~~~~~;r~~~~~ q /
EI numero de anos que VIVO en esta dlrecclOn: ) ) / I
F echa:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Estimado Alcalde y el Concilio:
Pedimos que el concilio sostenga a los miembros de la comunidad del sudoeste que senin
impresionados por el desperfecto visual aumentado, por el riesgo aumentado, y por la
contaminacion aereo aumentada (de sax, VOC, y las emisiones de particula) de una central
electrica de peaker ampliada. Esto no es una ubicacion apropiada- 350 pies de hogares y menos
de 1500 pies de un Centro de recreo y tres escuelas (Albany Headstart, una pre-K, y Otay
Elemental). Esta comunidad ya es impactada mucho por la contaminacioll'ge camiones e
industria, y un poco mas es inaceptable.
Lamentamos que nosotros no hablamos en contra cuando la planta original fue construida
aqui. Nosotros desgraciadamente no entendimos el impacto hasta que fuJ eonstrUida. EI
concilio concordo con nosotros cuando RAMCO II fue propuesto, y espenynos que el concilio
nos apoye ahora.
tJufo
r CQ. VC-t
5ev
~ue a~ Ylf) es
let C0mufudct
p01 ( ~ wSO .
Sinceramente,
je be nefrC( ()
~ 9ue ~~
\:W,:~}",:_~ ...t..~....-,:...;v :'~;.r';,.;" .....,.......'~;;cr~,. .~..._.> ....
.;<.;;J,~"" -,. ..~ . '..... '.. . ".~ .......:A..-l..>. ".
'...... ~~t ~i,'<'....';"-...if.t -'!\~'.""fl!~k'fi>~l!-'. 'f""''t~~c.
. .~- ~-'~ ~~.~. "1" -.1.~:"";>'"41' 211' - .... - ',l:.' ,"
~ Clhl) :>
Fecha:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Estimado Alcalde y el Concilio:
Pedimos que el concilio sostenga a los miembros de la comunidad del sudoeste que senin
impresionados por el desperfecto visual aumentado, por el riesgo aumentado, y por la
contaminacion aereo aumentada (de sax, VOC, y las emisiones de particula) de una central
electrica de peaker ampliada. Esto no es una ubicacion apropiada- 350 pies de hogares y menos
de 1500 pies de un Centro de recreo y tres escuelas (Albany Headstart, una pre-K, y Otay
Elemental). Esta comunidad ya es impactada mucho por la contaminacion9.-e camiones e
industria, y un poco mas es inaceptable.
Lamentamos que nosotros no hablamos en contra cuando la planta original fue construida
aqui. Nosotros desgraciadamente no entendimos el impacto hasta que fu~ eonstrUida. EI
concilio concordo con nosotros cuando RAMCO II fue propuesto, y esper1!lllos que el concilio
nos apoye ahora.
\0~ e-S~5 cl ~
..
t le.G,\,<,\ U- <; \
(y \M).J~~ d~
f\-cvv{ dOl
(0-. r kte-
\J\..l\
eve
~ Vf" ~ j ~'- cu..-
Sinceramente,
li~"'f-Lw.- V'" ~ ~ 1.Yj-
EI nombre: ~_J!:;!!>~
Ladireccion: ~~~~J.'\ . ~ l.<:!!
EI numero de mos que vivo en esta direccion:
. ",.' -'Il' "':"M'."",,::;;'!/~
ftiIf;"""f;f1J:i'li'lt ~11''''''4'~ ,"<' .,,~'l1\:li~' 'Yo. "~.
,::,L.~~:- /~'!.;\ '" 'c" ~~. i.h...~ "'!l' I",'" . " ,
s
....-
~O.s
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Coulleilmembers: Steve Castaneda. John MeCallll. Jerry Rinuolle. and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth A "e.
Chula Vista. CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mavor and Council:
.
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
a,~Q.2cUti
1. '" e~'ll' '.
CA' IJ U iSla CJ1-1'/f// ~~rYJ-
1JJJ.u..- )
/... ) tJPc! o.j. -f7cc4 ~~ .7/
(vll y [uLr:;& ~ ~)
Sincerely,
A',_...s' ~;,t~;,,!;',j.-,~ ,
"'-l. .....,..~~-':;~~. "--, ,
"_,,"'lI!'i?~' '";' .." .
. - -' ........~ a :';::;-';..';' . ',' -..;-~
..~.~..."'<?...,r,",,,~
' - - "<l~;.;~~ ,,'"
.... .~
Naml':
/\ddi'css:
\r I,':: 1"; ! i., i:~.' !":' ,:,(,.,.
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Couneilmemoers; Steve Cao;taneua, John McCann. krry Rinuone. anu Ruuy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave,
Chula Vista. CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant wi" operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
t&',?t.f:":P;" ."
~~~~"~.,,
.. '. -;-" ."~~ '... h:~~~~~
.-'. '",,"'~' .....""-'...'.... -,.,.,...t".....l!.:.,;.~..:q~
Sincerely, f ~il
Nallle;.~eoJ V ' " ' , .V
,'\ddro:ss:
'/,"]1"': !i'.':~~" !'\'I":"
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmcrnbers: Stcvc Castancda. John McCann. Jcrry Rindonc, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth ^ vc.
Chula Vista. C1\ 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant wi II operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
~':"".'"
w:-;.:~.:.;'t:.~~ ,(":~'....~.r;,:-'"!~'rt,t,,
.;..:J. ~~~'j.!..." ;::.:~~/;; . ;~'~~.,
'(',':11-"~ \i','i:~" !~I'n'. <::".:<'0 'V-',/)/'/C "
. ..-'" I" _.,-. L_
Date:
rvlayor Ch~ryl Cox
Coun~ilm~mh~rs: St~v~ Castan~da. John ~kCann. J~rry Rindon~, and Rudy Ramir~z
276 Fourth 1\ ve.
Chula Vista, C1\ 9[910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
fl. Ckr,\\C'\' \\
,..k ,l/. '. _,_ "_'''"
,.,~...' . ..~-. .~... .. < '~"':}~"~" .... .' .. ~..'::".' ~....
,'" ...;.- !-.;;:.;c!:t.,..:Y; -r -... t,.....~~,"-:-'!M..-:.'.".,;:lI-fil ,~~~it1#~4r;.~A
-...~.,."-_...,._..~."4l'<<'f'~",",,,,,......._ '~
Date: :)! l f( /0 1/
Mayor Ch~ryl Cox
Coun~ilmcl11lJ~rs: Steve Castan~Ja, John ivh:Cann. J~rry RinJon~, anJ RuJy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A 100-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traftic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
'-0;--
Name: ',..;
!\ddn::;s:
/] .
( 1...:".--1//
;>/A/.> L~.> u/ /J/
/VL l?t v C'~/-1
"" ~ .;.,,",..;""""'''f,r;;r~:~:!<t,'';''
'\:.. . '.l~~~.:::~.-,I~;7:i7t~~')l!:i~;~ ~fJi."- '.~:l
/'.
,/v /11.fJ
/ LA/ V-VI 0----,
17").
-
,-
Sincerely,
Fecha: >1/11/c~\
Mayor Chell'l Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Estimado Alcalde y el Concilio:
Pedimos que eI concilio sostenga a los miembros de la comunidad del sudoeste que seran
impresionados por el des perfecto visual aumentado, por el riesgo aumentado, y por la
contaminacion aereo aumentada (de SOx, VOC, y las emisiones de particula) de una central
electrica de peaker ampliada. Esto no es una ubicacion apropiada- 350 pies de hogares y menos
de 1500 pies de un Centro de recreo y tres escuelas (Albany Headstart, una pre-K, y Otay
Elemental). Esta comunidad ya es impactada mucho por la contaminacion de camiones e
industria, y un poco mas es inaceptable.
Lamentamos que nosotros no hablamos en contra cuando la planta original fue construida
aqui. Nosotros desgraciadamente no entendimos el impacto hasta que fue construida. EI
concilio concordo con nosotros cuando RAMCO II fue propuesto, y esperamos que el concilio
nos apoye ahora.
~!/
Sinceramcnte, '[ q~(.'
,
') !
;)'2"1/):/( a (]jC!~{U
(
EI nombre: " .' ;,:' 'J~" /~\ . -0--
. , . . ci ~ / (./ C""7/'~ <
La direccion: - , cJ r., \ I t--'C.:...", 4';/ [;,:. ~/' /
L-- /\ ~
EI numcro de arios que vivo en esta direccion: 3 u o.....",,-=,>
'~i, ~*:?~:~%;;~~ij::r.:.: r~.' .~.~.
.. . ~, ;."'S...1..~;tl. '4(f:ff.!~r, 'c'~;,:,,:'f'~~.
. r 'or "_'~~~ -~., : -f't;:~- '-M-,,;.tI: "",~!,..J"'~~li!!fg
.... _.!? -:"J.' + c_ ."..~_ ,;r- ......"\. - . _ _ .. . . ..
Date: Ou ~)/}cJrJ8
Mayor Ch~ryk~x
Councilm~mb~rs: Stev~ Caslan~da, John M~Cann, Jerry Rindon~, and Rudy Ramir~z
276 Fourth A vc.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant wi II operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community, Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase, This is a totally inappropriate location, It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park,
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters, Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable,
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
~.~ d. .};\', ,'~'i'h,\.
...T'!':........-v,~~.~..~{'. -t '''':\
~.5~r,t:.~: ,.~j.7f:~<f. :.,~ ":'.
,)
\:.~."... l:..:.~" 1-, '!"". . '1.
..\,,,,,.,,,,..:...~
Date:
Mayor Ch<:ryl Cox
Councihn<:rnh<:rs: St<:\'<: Castan<:da. John M<:Cann. J<:rry Rindon<:. and Rudy Ramir<:z
276 Fourth Ave,
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
"
,&l~
Name: ~i\),\\, 1\"(\ \\I(\;\\V"J\\\'
,\ddress:.,__...",.\ . ,K C1.',,\,. '\\i..'r
r _. ,..- I', J~:J,,:v\ \\IJ\l\..,\\}1.....~
\: ,';; ,..; ! 1 ','11~ ", hl'i':' - ~ 'J
-" . ,t!:>,.. ". '~. ..... ~ .":" ~'~~ll
C:.(' \J, \ ~\f r;, ~.' ~:~ " .. ..,..:. 4 '... .~'tt".~~
~C\.
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmcmbers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CYEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, YOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as. adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
~ 00.'1 D fT' <;, &J -tc "Ii,., 1 ::;
"
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0cc ~Jst J ( f-~
pr,';-<-r'VJA ,/;; ^. p the- <;r't-, J 0
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Fecha:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Estimado Alcalde y el Concilio:
Pedimos que el concilio sostenga a los miembros de la comunidad del sudoeste que senin
impresionados por el desperfecto visual aumentado, por el riesgo aumentado, y por la
contaminacion aereo aumentada (de sax, VOC, y las emisiones de particula) de una central
electrica de peaker ampliada. Esto no es una ubicacion apropiada- 350 pies de hogares y menos
de 1500 pies de un Centro de recreo y tres escuelas (Albany Headstart, una pre-K, y Otay
Elemental). Esta comunidad ya es impactada mucho por la contaminaci6n ge camiones e
industria, y un poco mas es inaceptable.
Lamentamos que nosotros no hablamos en contra cuando la planta original fue construida
aqui. Nosotros desgraciadamente no entendimos el impacto hasta que fue construida. El
concilio concord6 con nosotros cuando RAMCO II fue propuesto, y espera,mos que el concilio
nos apoye ahora.
$ fi ""'1) 7YI Jv-
W~b'~~p ~
/ffJO
Sinceramente,
Elnombre:
La direcci6n:
Elnlllnero de aiios que vivo en esta direccion:
~ rr u -. _.~ .
\.;'~...... -~.... ."~.,.;:~~.........,
',.'...n., .,.".... "'.'~_"".~I
,tT-~~',,,, ~~]1~!.'.~!;~~f~l
Date:
Mayor Ch.:ryl Cox
Coun.:ilm.:mb.:rs: St.:ve Castan.:da. John M.:Cann. krry Rindon.:. and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A 100-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park. .
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
1 i )<
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.I.~
Namc:
{\ddrcss:
'(:")i"; ri\ ;1'" !~'''-I''
Date:
tvlayor Cheryl Cox
Couneilmembers: Steve Castaneda. John McCann, Jerry Rindone. and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Olula Vista.. CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peakeI' power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park. '.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
V~r~
L)()~~. +0 0A c( ko wL ~
l-t-S ~0 ( \J-'\ tlt l
il,\ (}Jl'( k
~o
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ell \ c){~VJ
Sincerely,
\\t:':...",,' ~'. "!~c1;);;ft "?i:... kl:fb~~'~)~~~?~;~~'1,,~'i7~'~.r.> -.i~t}
,:!~. :;.t.~,~"';t~~-;:;"~/~"~'':l.( ,f~\'.:~;~9!~~' 2"~"';.)'.~ ::i~"l_~
Nallle:
J\ddrl'ss:
y I-"li"'; ! i \' i Ii '_' !~I':'C'
c-
Date:
i\layor Cheryl Cox
Cotlneilmembers: Steve Castaneda. John McCann. Jerry Rindonc. and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave,
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.'
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters, Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
-rOm \ CL mO+-Y'cr oP +UJ~ 5mCLlI Lh J I d re
GJJC1 J OJ)} ,Lonce/rlCo! ,CUcr:ud- +hGr~ +~h
~Y)y O\d-e.()-t LU\ 1\ bG en'OIIGd rlCkf V-CQr If} .
O+Qy f: ICvYY::-n+ory ,
Sinccrcly,
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II.:
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..........._:...J...~,
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Namc:
Address:
,V\~'lr'; 11.. ;r~': hi')"',,'.
Fecha:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Council members: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Estimado Alcalde y el Concilio:
Pedimos que el concilio sostenga a los miembros de la comunidad del sudoeste que senin
impresionados por el desperfecto visual aumentado, por el riesgo aumentado, y por la
contaminacion aereo aumentada (de sax, VOC, y las emisiones de particula) de una central
electrica de peaker ampliada. Esto no es una ubicacion apropiada- 350 pies de hogares y menos
de 1500 pies de un Centro de recreo y tres escuelas (Albany Headstart, una pre-K, y Otay
Elemental). Esta comunidad ya es impactada mucho por la contaminacion ge camiones e
industria, y un poco mas es inaceptable.
Lamentamos que nosotros no hablamos en contra cuando la planta original fue construida
aqui. Nosotros desgraciadamente no entendimos el impacto hasta que fue constrtJida. EI
concilio concordo con nosotros cuando RAMCO II fue propuesto, y esper~os que el concilio
nos apoye ahora.
1L\-~~ O~(~ 4 VL~~
~~~ c1c ~'~ ~-r ~~~
S' \
mceramcnt~ , ~ "'v(J A tu\!1 0
EI nombre: v Ii} '\ ~.. ..~.~ J
La direccion: ~
EI nLllnero de aiios que vivo en esta direccion: '{f a:;::- o~
, 0' . - '\1' ,,;:.t"';...,r., .tS(i"'C'liJ
-; II ..'.f":':' 'a:.r.",,'{,' ....:on .~~~~._ ll~jfi 'i
';11:;,)i.~:',~.Jr,,':1. :'t~\ ~~ , - ~ . - <;,.
Date:
f\'layor Ch~ryl Cox
Councihnembers: Steve Castaneda. John McCann, Jerry Rindone. and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 1))1)10
RE: CYEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, YOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park. '
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
'--~)tc\",:)Q ~f ~ IJ..':::> '--0t. ~C~ -\Me~ \-\'-J. "::> ~'^
""~'-~~'- (' \'O~
o\;\r
'.(.'~r.t~.,,,",,~
.#t~~t~~,. ~ ~;:ii~ ,~~
,,,,",~ ._;.'-9ia'
Sincerely,
~~" ~ ~\-\~
""''''Co \ :~ \. s'" \.\-~~
Name:
:\ddress:
'( "'11"; !;','il~" :~!':T'
,\~\') ~~~ V~
~) ,-,S, "7'
Date:
~Iaynr Ch~l)'1 Cox
COllncillll~lllb~rs: St~ve Castaneda, John McCann, krry Rindone, and Rudy Ramir~z
276 Fourth 1\ vc.
Chula Vista, C1\ 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community, Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park. .
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
trartic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed; The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project
J Ou close +d -PeS I C~~v1t0 .~
\',::\1':; li',:;'1" !~tT(~'
",.~,."..",.-,. ..., '" ";oi'/l;I<I!ii'lW~ii'1t2;
M';:f!l;<ft;...~~t\-~~"i.~lii\!Sl.",jl,jiI<l?'l!i..~'c,'"
r.<
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Couneilmemners: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
('hula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from SOx, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location, It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park. . ,
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
Sincerely,
Name: ~~fZ, /. fA~
~, ',.c\ .-" " OOff.l;~.:" 'Ii':.-" ." '_'~~,'j' :~,..,:- .~.":';;"~F,~
.,\(Id,'css: ~ .~. ';!'_.i~~';J..~~:P'~~~~'~ ~i'V.:~ . ....4~,__..._ '''''~~'?'.........~{-tJ
. y....,... 1',.:...; '"...... 1 -1--. .,~ I)
. ,I' ,t , q, "1 <.:.~ (":'I C-<I~':L_. .
('x. /
Fecha:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Estimado Alcalde y el Concilio:
Pedimos que el concilio sostenga a los miembros de la comunidad del sudoeste que seran
impresionados por el desperfecto visual aumentado, por eI riesgo aumentado, y por la
eontaminacion aereo aumentada (de sax, VOC, y las emisiones de particula) de una central
electrica de peaker ampliada. Esto no es una ubicacion apropiada- 350 pies de hogares y menos
de 1500 pies de un Centro de recreo y tres escuelas (Albany Headstart, una pre-K, y Otay
Elemental). Esta comunidad ya es impactada mucho por la contaminaci6n'4e camiones e
. .-
industria, y un poco mas es inaceptable.
Lamentamos que nosotros no hablamos en contra cuando la planta original fue construida
aqui. Nosotros desgraciadamente no entendimos el impacto hasta que rue constrtJida. EI
concilio concord6 con nosotros cuando RAMCO II fue propuesto, y espera,mOS que el concilio
nos apoye ahora.
Tve> ~ ?)'--oI~'>-U- pu-r-w",-
jt<-~~~ ~~
Sinceramente,.C,2-/t'"L-v At..~...y
EI nombre:
La direccion: ~ ''''~-~~
El nlllTIerO de afios que vivo en esta direccion:
."..o1'>J..-~~::"':'F~..~
"'. .'...::l''11....~'''AJi..i:a.......~, . -
~...<A;;::..~.........,
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Couneilmemhers: Steve CastaneJa, John McCann. Jerry RinJone, anJ RuJy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park. .
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project
''PY ul( c-f::, 0 LLV cJ'<"L ct y el'J ~ ~ ~ '{ ~\-1,C( rL 10 L ~
-.s,- . "'I: ~1'"'."'J,~. ...~. " ~."", 'if.....,.r>.,....~.;", '-t'.' _ ..ilo'~_'.I,'t~
\';"''';+'''{'l ~>('-" ......h'~~' '. "~""~' .',., ".' ''''--""".;''1:',,,,_~
. ., -"I' "'-'.' ."lJ~:" . .l;\~~':.W'_" .... .. .......'''"'-'
::~:,:w~;.:; ".L~JQC'luLln~ ~4v~
,\ddrl'ss: 'c.,;- Ci~ . '1/7/(
Y;.':1I""' ii":"", h":'l"
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Couneilmembers: Steve Castaneda. John McCann. Jerry Rindone. and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth ^ Ye.
Chula Vista, C^ 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant wi II operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park. "
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plaht until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
?fcP; /8 ~ ~iL
I ~~~\=,.dt~;;:)r 919//
(/i d i/) Vu.vt;R
Sincerely,
Name:
i\ddrcss:
'("'1"" 1"1"';"" 1,\"",.
. '. ,J' I " '," '"
~:;';::'~~}1;~ i9 .....k~.fr!:41~~.
_.~".' ~,t ~~~:tfU ~H.,' .~1..~~~
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Couneilmembcrs: Stevc Castaneda. John MeCann. krry Rindonc, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth A vc.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plailt until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
(t1U.11 c; I /}1.,u:; -I d u JC1/l1r/).;rj / Mlhh); tA (0/ 4btJ ",tf
, j r/cf rJultlft'11 -I/k,-! / do /'f(jf
) /711 v( tV./
f/ jJoS -C/! ~,*,::;:: ':7" .., :'=)'~_'.?!li'_..:'..'....,
.<._, - .....!...".:...~.4,..ioj.ntnl.
_.. - ...~~~-~~~
'1f;c-
-fh )j
Ivdrr1
SincerCly" / ",
f;"'-' p"''--(...... L--
Namc: .Jd5; 1< i. 'IX}
\ II .'.. . i.n r
I (( rcss: "/:"J t z r.i.'"J
I ,- ('I (11M I
Ii /- iii)'/' .
\'."p... 1;,,;.... 1.....'..')Q'I12-(
}, " ' ~I', ,'; "". ~o I';.J.
Fecha:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Estimado Alcalde y el Concilio:
Pedimos que el concilio sostenga a los miembros de la comunidad del sudoeste que seran
impresionados por eI des perfecto visual aumentado, por el riesgo aumentado, y por la
contaminacion aereo aumentada (de sax, VOC, y las emisiones de particula) de una central
e1ectrica de peaker ampliada. Esto no es una ubicacion apropiada- 350 pies de hogares y menos
de 1500 pies de un Centro de recreo y tres escuelas (Albany Headstart, una pre-K, y Otay
Elemental). Esta comunidad ya es impactada mucho par la contaminacion de camiones e
industria, y un poco mas es inaceptable.
Lamentamos que nosotros no hablamos en contra cuando la planta original fue construida
aqui. Nosotros desgraciadamente no entendimos el impacto hasta que fue construida. El
concilio concordo con nosotros cuando RAMCO II fue propuesto, y espera,mos que el concilio
nos apoye ahora. .' ~.
/I 'v71 /
/L( "---;/(/0 ;I /. (J. .. Cc \1ik-V!-/~ ~{~
S ~( t: /J) /;/1 ---;'117/7/CC/ (f.h'( Ct/-?"7;/u-, ) .
'11 . ~{/ ,I I
;} t I .~. j . / . (7 />"1,1' C.t!.(__4"~/ c' rr. (
, ,,( / I /:i/ F/' j. rc-- ?
V' . '-, ~'c '-.-' (..
Sinceramente,
Elnombre:
La direccion:
EI nlllnero de anos que vivo en esta direccion:
"'(k'~":'" "~;~;'~"y.."'~ "~.Jt.r~l."d~'':
'",....., :~''''.:~ -:t..s::.",....",.r;,~>,
.'- ' .. -. .....,,'~~.,,~ ~..;Jc',:'.,X!-.::~ ~"~~:.:!
Pecha:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Estimado Alcalde y el Concilio:
Pedimos que eI concilio sostenga a los miembros de la comunidad del sudoeste que senin
impresionados por el desperfecto visual aumentado, por el riesgo aumentado, y por la
contaminacion aereo aumentada (de sax, VOC, y las emisiones de particula) de una central
e1ectrica de peaker ampliada. Esto no es una ubicacion apropiada- 350 pies de hogares y menos
de 1500 pies de un Centro de recreo y tres escuelas (Albany Headstart, una pre-K, y Otay
Elemental). Esta comunidad ya es impactada mucho por la contaminaci6n ge camiones e
industria, y un poco mas es inaceptable.
Lamentamos que nosotros no hablamos en contra cuando la planta original fue construida
aqui. Nosotros desgraciadamente no entendimos el impacto hasta que fue constrtJida. EI
concilio concord6 con nosotros cuando RAMCO II fue propuesto, y espera,mos que el concilio
nos apoye ahora.
yo
. C.OyYlc/
t<' j; c{~ r'-.Ce
CG- /< ;
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no
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/ '
EI nombre:
La direccion: i I/~. ~ \
EI numero de a s que VIVO en esta direccion:
Fecha:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Estimado Alcalde y el Concilio:
Pedimos que el concilio sostenga a los miembros de la comunidad del sudoeste que seran
impresionados por el desperfecto visual aumentado, por el riesgo aumentado, y por la
contaminaci6n aereo aumentada (de sax, VOC, y las emisiones de particula) de una central
electrica de peaker ampliada. Esto no es una ubicaci6n apropiada- 350 pies de hogares y menos
de 1500 pies de un Centro de recreo y tres escuelas (Albany Headstart, una pre-K, y Otay
Elemental). Esta comunidad ya es impactada mucho por la contaminacionge camiones e
industria, y un poco mas es inaceptable.
Lamentamos que nosotros no hablamos en contra cuando la planta original fue construida
aqui. Nosotros desgraciadamente no entendimos el impacto hasta que fue constroida. EI
concilio concord6 con nosotros cuando RAMCO II fue propuesto, y espenynos que el concilio
nos apoye ahora.
eu~
Sinceramente,
/
()o <?=Ao..-nos
~\ Clr'\+C\ ci Q
elQ: n,LX.s-I1 0 S
de oC'uer-c/o eDit k,sq
Lu~._) for pto+ecclC:>,
"'''0 ~ ,
EI nombre:
La direccion:
EI nlllnero de anos que vivo en esta direccion:
,~~"I';o;---"1:"'rJl.wl~~;~"":~~
,~.;~\~"~' ~:1t,~. ;wl!.tr:~is1fi~~JFJt
,-,.." >
Date:
Mayor Chcryl Cox
Councilmcmbcrs: Stcvc Castancua, John McCann, krry Rinuonc, anu Ruuy Ramircz
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista. CA 91910
RE: CYEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A 100-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, YOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
\~~; -.~. .~..-~. ~ ,~~ ~~,f.:'. ~~_
Sincerely,
Name:
/\ddress:
i j.- .f-Ll.....
-: t.-,'
NI. ~ L~ S -I-('U~ €-6~
, '1'1
(iLL-L(a Vi~ .+e~, U~
9/9//
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A 100-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plailt until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
c--:'/ ";' -It/! ,'~
Sincerely, ,~0 "
/} r<::. /' ,{...o:;.rr1.-($-v'~
Name: ;<t---,vv t: J
Address: .gcli1fAW IrUG. co J
"y'c:lrs living. here: "/;/ GA/!.)
'7/9/'/
t~ ~'.:i,'..':\.t/'f:"") .' .J."~"l,(,,; ...~,.~",. - ._.....
Irl;~,-r-:;'~~~i.-"~A,"tet.!:t:;,4 ': 1ll~?,-:~~;:
. '- t.ICo. __."11', ."'\"t~~J.l&l~~2m'lJt'
Date:
~layor Cheryl Cox
Councilmcmbers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from SOx, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negati ve impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200\. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
'\(1':~;"; ~;,-.';;~,. h:'l"r,'<
,r-, -", ()
~ '") 6.'CL.U,",,-
c hul A
/?~;t;~
l__ ...--
Sinccrely,
Namc: /llcu/d;.
/\ddress: <" (" '1.
V, 51/{- .~~.;~;;~ c; l t
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindonc, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable. .
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
Sincerely,
~~;~;~;~~~: ~tr;
''"' 9/'(((
. e it ~!i~.t;~, ,L:/~ ~~t.o~. ~, ~ .4
1tiC-""~;' ..,..""..". . "~,7 ~;(",,-:.~;.'>;t\"\,;k.~\'\"~~'
~ ,"-...., .,.""...:(....'..,,,, ~r'.:c.""r:;l
- """'<'..-:~
Date:
:\Iayor Cheryl Cox
Couneilmcmbers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindonc, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
SinCere,Y,ti!t~~h ...ft!- '~~~{!~~.~f{U~ /~&i1iA~
Name: cPUE'Iv~~~ ~h:)-A y;~-tA (~~~ C(19(!
.\ddrc'ss: ~~I:'"
,,: ,." I;,.;.,,, I.. ...".
". ," ,'." . ..J
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Council members: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, C1\ 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from SOx, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
Sincerely,
Name:.J oS e 8 Ac< ')1\-1' -,-t,(.
/1-..,.,
\ddre,;s: (!o,
v,...... I;,,;.... "....... J 0 /i~1/l- oS
. . . , , t; ,',,' 1,.- :'. C{'
.. .; ,,'W.-{ f4c "-'_<..?'~'":J (S
( J .Ut ~ , -..~."l,;.'f.1(A,:>,,:'~jj~'\~W->~T>II:~~~S'~'" ~~
,",~r:r:;?"l;:f;if~""''!~~ii;:j~:\;';,tf(~~ s
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Couneilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCanll, Jerry Rindonc, and Rudy Ramircz
276 Fourth ^ ve.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from SOx, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
"'~~"":"""'C~'lSt."':i:;<!"l!lfl~~:lt>l-i","",,~~
';:;'m~4.,,:7:._"';"'I!'-'::'''~':1.:.''~~~ii4'~::'':Jo;;....r.~~~:' '} ,.-
'.. '.n'!'="V'<<;';--",l' _:. ",
Y.':';": !i. i;,.: !"""." Z 0 <./"",<l, ~ <
o I "-' ''-..,1-
Date:
t\'layor Ch~ryl Cox
Coun~ilm~mbers: Steve Castaneda. John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista. CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park. .
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plaht until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
D i {)'r
f{CtlD ( tJ ,^, LD LJ Y' 5'J \ .
-{-I\,b CD YV'. U )1',', +)1' -Uvt+ J/Vu~J IV L/ D cJ
-tI't1l f'\ 'n+ ~ J <J'l-t V'I d ()f
(10\\1\;4: -U^-.O--t- W'\(( rOlU+CL CN-,,-l .
\ (L, . x \J f . ..' '.1", IAQ.1 ~I.&\:;Ju~
s'--r-t v (J..\ \ () "'- Vf U --+"'c-~
L I ~+~ r -to
,
0.. Yi" tf fro r / I/]
'l.. '\
-Tt'\9.... !\J D IN !iVy
\1'
O -- r\. If~
VV G -.:, 'J.j\-" \t
Sincerely.
Y:.~;lr'.:.. !i\'lii", !~~'n:'
f2-a clr{0 \uY"':) .
~P\-"..("'rr:"'.''''~.~
\:;ff~*~r~1~~~fj~&f!i1'~~~~t~~~t~~~~
....'J;j~..'.,'1"~IJ,!~,.,iL:,.....!';:1J-1Th"~'
Nalllc:
/\ddi'CSS:
\ Y \'-~ ('
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Couneilmemhers: Steve Castaneda. John McCann. Jerry Rindone. and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CYEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, YOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
r ~~- r~-'-0( tA~
&.u.. ~t.o 'b
A.. ./ ()
4.,~Ji.
~-A~'L
~~ tfJ
P-i~~
ch_,-'<-.
.D.-o-, -'-U:...("">--/v...fL
- I/...
)l.GY~
~CL?'\r Q.
c...-'
Sincerely,
Nallle:' n"l ['q,C;v
. \ddrl'ss:
\' "1 r'; ! i' ,; i~" I;, '!':>>
'Ii 108H<l:.'~~<<' i1'>~~t'" J> f
..J~~\.Ll,J(_LY"__ IY\'T/".oL.-,.. ~J.o .
' I,et. ~"Ii'" ...;-,.o.o . .-_0>..
C . ,. _, ,~,..,.' -...., ..;,-,~;r.,~ '
'.J.J -
J ~~ I ('. l~i " .':,
Fecha: O"J.. - J 7 - cd
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Estimado Alcalde y el Concilio:
Pedimos que el concilio sostenga a los miembros de la comunidad del sudoeste que senin
impresionados por el desperfecto visual aumentado, por el riesgo aumentado, y por la
contaminacion aereo aumentada (de sax, VOC, y las emisiones de particula) de una central
electrica de peaker ampliada. Esto no es una ubicacion apropiada- 350 pies de hogares y menos
de 1500 pies de un Centro de recreo y tres escuelas (Albany Headstart, una pre-K, y Otay
Elemental). Esta comunidad ya es impactada mucho por la contaminacion de camiones e
industria, y un poco mas es inaceptable.
Lamentamos que nosotros no hablamos en contra cuando la planta original fue construida
aqui. Nosotras desgraciadamente no entendimos el impacto hasta que fue construida. EI
concilio concord6 con nosotros cuando RAMCO II fue propuesto, y esperamos que el concilio
nos apoye ahora.
Sincer::UTIente,
. /-1; /V) E. P) i/V:z/l . h
lEI nd~l11br~: j- ~./ t P-U; L,/, 0 ~;~ /~. C 1/ u L,4 v'/S /1, C/f 0 9 /'1//
"a Irecclon:~' ~
EI nlll11CrO de al105 que vivo en esta direccion: 3 A /iJ D .5
. - ., - - :01~ii~W'.'to~d~!
'" ..~""'" ~. -~.... -.;......t-...:M..'~r..,.....~_4;;...~...,.',,~::t~~_.
\~.:;~ ..:~~., :. ~r~~t:'" '~di 'i,:i"<ii::."(~';"~'l~r:.:'ffU.-:~~~:<!1;1
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A 100-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, it pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park. '.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plailt until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
'v\)~ 'f\-e<? ~ c\, LDrY\rY\ Un 1-\-'1 \-u!x0JC~ ~or 0011'
6~\\ ~ (~Y' G~~ ~ c~r C\ Y"' <i c.J,\ \ c\ (-f ~ ,
..~~: # "t:.t~'....~-::" 'lS:':'r""~' ......' .
~)',-;.. ".4.~ 04 ....:....... .. ;;W't'~~~~J'''' . .'tl~~
. - ....~ "'-j;,..w.~-""'h~_:f::~3
SincerelY~~~<:+- C~~
Name: S.\D('\~, l\vJ16 Address: ~~, ~is
i(prs living here:
,
/
\
Fecha:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Estimado Alcalde y el Concilio:
Pedimos que el concilio sostenga a los miembros de la comunidad del sudoeste que seran
impresionados por e1 desperfecto visual aumentado, por el riesgo aumentado, y por la
contaminacion aereo aumentada (de sax, VOC, y las emisiones de particula) de una central
e1ectrica de peaker ampliada. Esto no es una ubicacion apropiada- 350 pies de hogares y menos
de 1500 pies de un Centro de recreo y tres escuelas (Albany Headstart, una pre-K, y Otay
Elemental). Esta comunidad ya es impactada mucho por la contaminacion,9.e camiones e
industria, y un poco mas es inaceptable. '
Lamentamos que nosotros no hablamos en contra cuando la planta 6riginal fue construida
aqui. Nosotros desgraciadamente no entendimos el impacto hasta que fueeonstnJida. EI
concilio concordo con nosotros cuando RAMCO II fue propuesto, y esper<ynos que el concilio
nos apoye ahora.
Sinceramente,
(Y\f\ ('.
EI b ,(i.,'_\. c-, .:
nom re: ' ...-'
La direccion:
EI numero de ailos que vivo en esta direccion:
r-L ',-:--..-.... ("-,,'
{' I"
\.. \~~_~..... 1 V' '---- _ _ _., ,
..-' _-,".- . ...f '. '...f' \I: ~*t- :\.~~~
j-..,~c;tl~4, :~ r;;,::'\:'~. ~';~,~~l:..':':':'r~..:.:';,;1.
'-"\..~~ ~ !n~!." ~_. _ .o..:nw<
-c ' . "'(" ~c'-"---
. ~ _. ~;;-- '--i
Fecha:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Councilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Estimado Alcalde y el Concilio:
Pedimos que el concilio sostenga a los miembros de la comunidad del sudoeste que seran
impresionados por el desperfecto visual aumentado, por el riesgo aumentado, y por la
contaminacion aereo aumentada (de sax, VOC, y las emisiones de particula) de una central
electrica de peaker ampliada. Esto no es una ubicacion apropiada- 350 pies de hogares y menos
de 1500 pies de un Centro de recreo y tres escuelas (Albany Headstart, una pre-I(, y Otay
Elemental). Esta comunidad ya es impactada mucho por la contaminacion'ge camiones e
industria, y un poco mas es inaceptable. '
Lamentamos que nosotros no hablamos en contra cuando la plantaoriginal tbe construida
aqui. Nosotros desgraciadamente no entendimos el impacto hasta que fuJ tonstrUida. EI
concilio concordo con nosotros cuando RAMCO II fue propuesto, y espenynos que el concilio
nos apoye ahora.
Sinceramente,
EI nombre: G\jc,d L," ~ u ~
La direccion: ("'c, ~..
EI numero de ados que vivo en es al ccion:
Ccn"2Ct \-~2
'. "'ro' I..;..,.,.,
. ;:~, ':'cj-)J;,;};!!:t*i?5:.~.; 9 C o.
'~"'~ / ,r.
G /
0/1//
Date:
Mayor Cheryl Cox
Couneilmembers: Steve Castaneda, John McCann, Jerry Rindone, and Rudy Ramirez
276 F ollrth Ave.
Chula Vista, CA 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A I OO-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from sax, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negati ve impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 2001. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
[{i vi A Vi' 5 -r-/.1- (f"L-
<) ;t'(i 11 5
Sincerely,
Name:
/\ddrcss:
,(:,:~:.,~ \;\';;11' h~:I"(.."
.. _.. ,- "i;i'!!"K"'>':,<"lr;j;~(9!
~~'~~~r~f(?~~k'~::;!I:":~"'-:~jd.i;;
Date:
Mayor Cheryl C,)X
Councilmcmbers: Steve Castaneua, John McCann, Jerry Rinuonc, and Ruuy Ramircz
276 Fourth Ave.
Chula Vista, C1\ 91910
RE: CVEUP
Dear mayor and Council:
We ask that the council support our community in objecting to the inappropriate
enlargement of the current peaker power plant. A 100-mw plant will operate longer hours and
increase the risk and negative impacts to the community. Two 70 foot smoke stacks will
increase the visual blight. The hourly contamination from SOx, VOC and particulate matter will
increase. This is a totally inappropriate location. It is less than 1500 feet from three schools-
Albany Headstart, a pre-K, and Otay Elementary, a Recreation Center and a community park, as
well as adjacent to a Regional Park.
The closest residents live within a mere 350 feet and there are dozens more within 500
feet. Our community is already enduring the negative impacts of a cement plant, excessive truck
traffic, a substation, two sets of electrical towers, and other criterion and toxic emitters. Even a
tiny bit more pollution is totally unacceptable.
We are sorry we did not understand the implications of the existing plant until it was
constructed. The council stood with us in opposing the addition of another peaker in 200 I. We
expect that this council will also support the community and oppose the current project.
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Southwest Chula Vista Civic Association
PO Box 6064, Chula Vista, CA 91909, (619) 422-6000 (619) 425-5771 hIlP:llw\\w.swc"ca.oru
The proposed ne,; pe~ker power plant must be located further away from Buin~sses, residents and schools.
La nueva central electnca propuesta de peaker debe ser localizada mas lejos de negocios. residentes y escul'las.
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The.sou/h~es/ Chzda Vista Civic Assuciation wasjormed /0 provide a structured association/or the residents, property owners, and business owners of the underrepresented Southwestern
region ofChula Vista, to participate in the preservation, planning, development and protection of the unique character of the area through community education and group action.
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The proposed new peaker power plant must be located further away from Buinesses, residents and schools.
La nueva central electrica rroplles!.\;~e reaker debe ser loc~lizada m~ls lejosjffei'n'egQf.!Q.b[~;.;i<!JS:r!lfsy:e~~CiIl,'las.-".'-' :\,
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Southwest Chula Vista Civic Association
PO Box 6064, Chula Vista, CA 91909, (619) 422-6000 (619) 425-5771 hltn://www.swc\.ca.orl.:
The proposed new peaker power plant must be located further away from Buinesses, residents and schools.
La nueva central electrica propuesta de peaker debe ser localizada mas lejos de negocios, residentes y escuelas.
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Southwest Chula Vista Civic Association
PO Box 6064, Chula Vista. CA 91909, (619) 422-6000 (619) 425-5771 blJp:!/www.swc\.ca.on.:
The proposed new peaker power plant must be located further away from Buinesses, residents and schools.
La nueva central electrica propuesta de peaker debe ser localizada mas lejos de negocios. residentcs yescuelas.
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The proposed new peaker power plant must be located further away from Bumesses, resIdents and schools.
La nueva central electrica propue~!~:pe.,p.e:lker d,eqe ~-r';!<).~.!lH~_ad~hrn'\~}.Nos d~,:nyg9,cio~,_re.sJ~}~D!CS y ,~'cllclas,
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The proposed new peaker power plant must be located further away from Buinesses, residents and schools.
La nueva central electrica propuesta de peaker debe ser localizada mas lejos de negocios, residentes y escuelas,
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PO Box 6064, Chula Vista, CA 91909, (619) 422-6000 (619) 425-5771 !Iltn:/!w\\-,\.swcvc~.o,.~
The proposed new peaker power plant must be located somewhere further away from residents and schools.
La nueva central dectrica prOpLicsta dc peakcr debe scr localizada cn alguil lugar aUII mas lejos de residentes y
escuelas.
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Southwest Chula Vista Civic Association
PO Box 6064, Chula Vista, CA 91909, (619) 422-6000 (619) 425-5771 hllD:!!IVW\V,s\Vcv~a,(Jr~
The proposed new peaker power plant must be located somewhere further away from residents and schools.
La nueva ct'ntral electrica propucsta dt' peakcr debc ser localizada CIl algun lugar aUIl mas lejos dc residentes y
escuelas.
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PO Box 6064, Chula Vista, CA 91909, (619) 422-6000 (619) 425-5771 http://wW\\,swc\(a,''r~
The proposed new peaker power pfant must be located somewhere further away from~r,esidents and schools.
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La nueva l:eiltral cicl:triclI propucsta de peaker debe ser loeali'l.ada ell algun lugar alih nfas'lejos de rcsidciltcs y
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PO Box 6064, Chula Vista, CA 91909, (619) 422-6000 (619) 425-5771 http://www~~t'tiftif0'~,,eJ
The proposed new peaker power plant must be located somewhere further away from residents and schools.
La nueva central electrica propuesta de peaker debe ser localizada en algun lugar aun mas lejos de residentes y
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PO Box 6064, Chula Vista, CA 91909, (619) 422-6000 (619) 425-5771 hIIP:/!w\\'\\.s\Vcl'Cu.or,"
The proposed new peaker power pl~ht;~u~_r_~~!!~~.~t.e~_~~~t;w~ere further away fro'n.,Iesi<l;ents and schof!ls.
La nucva ccnrnll dcctricli propucsla de pcaka debe ~e'i,'l(kaliza~d en algun lugar aUI~'mas-;icJos oe rcsidcllh.is y
eSi:uclas.
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PO Box 6064, ChUI~CA 91909, (619) 422-6000 (619) 425-5771 11l1p:/!w\\'w.,\\'':\'cU)''~
The proposed new peaker power pllli17.;;~t:b~~c~t;t~;~~~'l~'.f1,rther away from residents and schools.
La nueva central clcl..trica propuesra de peaker debe ser loealizada en algun luga.. aun mas lejos de residentes y
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So~~~~.est Ch.ula Vista Civic.,Association ~,:':'. _: ...:, ::~
PO Box 6064, ChulaW.iSi:i;'CK9J909;(6I.9) 422;6000 (619) '125-5771 hHil:l!WII'W.sIl'CvCJ.c1i';;~-
The proposed new peaker power plant must be located somewhere further away from residents and schools.
La nueva cent!":.1 deddca propues~ili(je~piXifti'~d"eb-ccsJldocalizada en algun lugar auR;f!lili,s;lcjos[de 'r~sidetiie)'y
escuel~s.
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solhwest'€hula Visl~f"Ci~ Associamm~~-.~="''''''' ~.,' .
PO Box 6064, Chula Vista CA 9]909, (619) 422-6000 (619) 425-5771 hIW://WWw.swcvc'l.or~
The proposed ne,,: pe~ker powe,r:r!ll!!.!~n~,s!~e loca~ed so~~~h$Ie fuft ,er a~~~.~p;~i,~~~ts and ~chools.
La nueva central electnca prop~ta'Sde'peaker'debe'ser locahzada en algun lugar aunmas'leJo~e resldentes y
escuelas.
Name :..~. _,....-. .;c:7;"Address::t. ~Phone,aDd'e.:maH
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SouthW~St-cBula;Vfsta civ1c Association \'itl~-::y.:~..' :::\
PO Box 6064, Chula Vista, CA 91909, (619) 422-6000 (619) 425-5771 htlp:l/wwwswcvca.or~
The proposed new peaker powe,::;p.I~nt,~!1~!_be located somewherf further away fro~~_~~el1.ts"and sC~,ools.
La nueva central elcctrica propuJstif-iJe'cpeaker debe ser'localizada lIn algun lugar aun ma~lcjos,(lc resideJtes y
escuelas.
Name
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SouthwestChula'Vista Civic AssQ\iati~::==--:.:.---'--=-:-' "~.'.:a
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PO Box 6064, Chula Vista, CA 91909, (619) 422-6000 (619) 425-5771 http://www.swcvca.ofl::
The proposed new peaker pow6tR!a.!Kmust tie"located'Somewher~~~..arther away from r~jJ!~I!t~:.~!1d.scho?J~'
La nueva central elcctrica propuesta de peaker debe ser localizada en algun lugar aun mas lejos de residentes y
escuelas.
Name
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s~~~~~~~! Chl;1la Vista Civic Association l1k.i"I~:":~.!~';}\
PO Box 6064, Chula,Vlsta -GA 91909; (619) 422-6000 (619) 425-571J1 http://www.slI.cvca.orl!
The proposed new peaker power plant must be located somewhere fufiller away from residents and schools.
La nueva central eh~ctrica propu.e.!it,a de peaker debe ser localiza4a en algun lugar aun mas lejos de residentes y
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SQuthwest Chula Vista Civic Association _ .
The proposed ne~O :~~~~6:'3j~lwJ:fLr.TI~~~~t?ti~~,~~if:2,~~~~$ii~-in~Pt~~~\~~yw"!~~;idents~i.~'d ~ch~-~l\.
La nueva central electrica propuesta de peaker debe ser localizada en alglin lugar alin,'UasJ,ejos ,d~_resi,l.I~nJ.es y
escuelas. Ii':~_v.:,~." - -'----: "~
Name Address Phone and e-mail
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Southwest Chula Vista Civic Association ~~~<-.:::.' ,
PO Box 6064, Chufu~Vista 'C1\ 9i909, (6J 9) 422-6000' (619)425-577] hll[2;I!\\w\\S\\(:\c~l.or~
The proposed ne~ pe~ker power plant must be located som~where fUft~er awaYf~~.T ,~~~~~~~!S an.,d ;~_ch_~ol~,
L" nUeva ccntr"l c",ctnc:i propul:sta dc pCllkcr debe scr IQcallzada en algun lugar llu'n~'mas,lcJos,dc I'CSadenh:s y
W'.~S~:'':''';'.7' ,:, '-cscu'(,]a;~
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Southwest Chula Vista Civic Association
PO Box 6064, Chula ~~)~1,~),}~~-~~o.,g.(619) 425-5771 http://www.swcvcu~~''''''.'~ . r","'-f..
The proposed new peaker power plant must be located somewhere further away from residents and schools.
La nueva central electrica propuesta d:_peaker debe ser localizada en algun lugar aun ~:i~~J!lcs-;.~tes}.~~~ntes y
~~':"""-.o,~:;,:escuelas'A. .".~..<,..... ~
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Address _,J~hol\e.ande~ma.i
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Southwest Chula Vista Civic Association
PO Box 61164, chull:Vista CA 91909. (619) 422-6000 (619) 425-57\1 hi I 0://\\,\\,\\,., \\"('\ l'~~(ii"~~ , .' .\
The proposed new peakp.r power plant must be located somewhere fuftller away ffom-residents and schools.
L<l nueva central dc.:trica propucsta de pcakcr debe ,.er io~alizada en algulllugar aun rmis lejos de r.:sidentes y
'~l~~.,:Z"'":~,. . + eSl:ucla~\;; \.. T:.::.... ..' _.
Name ,.'... . .. ,- .. Address' Plione and e-mail '"
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Southwest Chula Vista Civic Association
PO Box 6064, Ctw.I~_Yi.s!a ,CA 91909, (619) 122-6000 (619) 425-5771 htW:l/www.sw<;vca.org ~;;;, '-;~~.'"' ':e.:'
The proposed new peaker po~.e~p"".J1[tptr.~s.,t.b.s:;/~lated somewhere fuff er away from resliients'and'scli'Bols.
La nueva central electrica propuesta de peaker debe ser localizada en algun lugar aun mas lejos de residentes y
_" . " . _ . scuelas. . .-__. . "..........~~
Name ~~,.;-.;;;i.,;,;.....i.fA:daress Phone aDiJe:milW....."'-""~
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Southwest Chula Vista Civic Association .~~;;:;.;::... ,ji.~(,\
PO Box 6064. €hulaVista €A 91909. (619) 422-6000 (619) "-25-5771 hll[>:!!\n\.\\.sJi;i'c"Dr~"'
The proposed new peaker p'ower plant must be located somewhere funtier awaYfromresidents and schools.
L.. nueVa central dectrica propUcsta de pcakcr debc ser localizada en algun lugar aun..mAs Iciosde. res.idclltcs v
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PO Box 6CM. Chula Vista CA 91909. (619) 42:.:-6000 (619) 425-57711li'Jl:{/\\'~,u",<-~c'l cJr~__. _ ' '
The proposed oe",' pe~ker POWjl~,p:la~~m~st. ~e".to~};!Jisom~where furt~er awa~~~,m;~esld~ots aod ~~~~.ools.
L.. nucva cClIrral dccrnca pl"O~~sla"de peakcr debc'scr IOl'ultzada en ulgunt~~f:.~ull,~as'lcJosdc r~sld~.vtes y
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The proposed new peaker power'pliuit must be locateiJ somewhere fuftlier awaYfrom-residents and schools.
La nueva et:nlral deetric<l propucsta de peaker deb" ser localizada en algun lugar a.un mils Icjos de rcsidcntcs y
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PO Box 6064, Chula.Yjsta CA 91909. (61.2) !l:2~~6,OOO!(619) 425-5771 hl![1JL\\'~"\lf";\;c'a.o~~~~
The proposed new peaker pot~r.i.p'~n~'"!u,~t-beJ()cated'somewhere further aw y from residents and schools.
Llllut'\a celltral decrl'ic<i pro{l.!i.~~!~~_.~_t'_~~_c,~J~b;,' se~lo~~~~da en algulllllga~-:-~As-:!s~~s de residentes y
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PO Box 6064, Chula Vista CA 91909, (619) 422-6000 (619) 425-5771 hIW:l/www.s\\:fvca.org .
The proposed new peaker p~'Y"er,..:pla~t.Jl.lust be located somew.her~ furt er away trom residents and schools.
La nueva central electrica propui~tli-de'pCiikcr debc set localizada'eb algun lugar aun mas Icjos de residcntcs y
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PO Box 6064. Chula \'ljsl!"',GA 91909. (619) 422..6000 \ ~ 19J},425-5771 hl!f2.:.'~"\\~'\\'C~:'-'d. or~ .
The proposed new peaker power"plaht'must be locaJed'sl'mewhere furtller away from residents and schools.
L.. nueva l:<:nrr"J ch~drka prOpudta de peaker debc ser IOi:'41i:ada cn algun IU~~~,:~;n/!lA.s Icjo\~~e resW,~Hes y
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The proposed new peaker power planfriiust be located somewhere further away from residents and schools.
La nueva central electrica prop~~~#$,p~!l~er_debe~~r localiza~a e~,}lIgun lugar 1f~~!~j:~'J!iQ.slde residentcs y
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The proposed new peaker powef-J-plant"must,be,located somewheretfurtlier away from residents and schools.
La lIueVa central deClrica propuesla de pcakcr debt' scr IOealiz..da en algu~~gar aun fuii'ffC'Jos d-e-:r6iatl-ntes y
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The proposed new peaker power plant must be located somewhere further away frp.m!te:~\iJ.C]'.r~!lDd schools.
La nlleva cenrral elccrrica proput;Jit}g~&.t;~~t;IAt9.'f<,~i:.'.';,.I~lllizada ell algun lugar aun IUas Icjos de rcsidcntes y
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PO Box 6064, Chuia~V~', 'c'A 91909, '(619) 422:6000 (619) 425-5771 iHlP:/.'\'.wIIS\"cvc,\" 'r~
The proposed new peaker poweIfJ~I~!lt must be located some~here further away from residents and schools.
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PO Box 6064, Chula Vista, CA 91909, (619) 422-6000 (619) 425-5771 http://www.swcvca.or~
The proposed new peaker power plant must be located somewhere further away from residents and schools.
La nueva central electrica propuesta de peaker debe ser localizada en algun lugar aun mas lejos de residentes y
escuelas.
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