HomeMy WebLinkAboutReso 1970-5621J J
RESOLUTION NO. 5621
RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF CHULA
VISTA, APPROVING PARTICIPATION OF THE CITY OF CHULA
VISTA IN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA OIL SPILL DISASTER
CONTINGENCY PLAN, AND AUTHORIZING THE MAYOR TO EXECUTE
SAID APPROVAL OF PARTICIPATION
t
The City Council of the City of Chula Vista does hereby resolve
as follows:
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the City of Chula Vista, a
municipal corporation, shall participate with other agencies in the
California Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan, dated the day of
1970, a copy of which is attached hereto and in-
corporated herein by reference.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Mayor of the City of Chula Vista
be, and he is hereby authorized and directed to execute said approval of
participation in said California Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan.
Presented by
~~ ~ ~~
,SXordon E. Thorn, Chief Adminis-
"trative Officer
Approved as to form by
George D. T~ndberg, City Attorne
ADOPTED AND APPROVED by the CITY COUNCIL of the CITY OF CHULA
VISTA, CALIFORNIA, this 28th day of April 1970 by the
following vote, to-wit:
AYES: Councilmen Scott, Hobel, Hamilton, Hyde, Egdahl
NAYES: Councilmen None
ABSENT: Councilmen None
__ _ .-~
~ ~
ayor of the City of Chula Vista
~.,
ATTEST ~`-~ .~::..~_ ~_-~:~-.,~.~~;Q_.~.. ~-L
~'-- Clerk
STATE OF CALIFORNIA )
COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO ) ss.
CITY OF CHULA VISTA )
I, City Clerk of
Vista, California, DO HEREBY CERTIFY that the above is
correct copy of Resolution No. 5621 and that the
amended or repealed. DATED
the City of Chula
a full, true and
same has not been
City Clerk
_.._ ~ ~ `7
STATE OF CALIFORNIA RONALD REAGAN, Governor
CALIFORNIA DISASTER OFFICE
POST OFFICE BOX 9577
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA 95823
November 5, 1969
Chula Vista Civil Defense
c/o William B. A9arty, Admin. Officer
Unified San Diego County Civil Defense
7939 John Towers Avenue
Santee, California 92071
SUBJECT: California Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan
Enclosed for your information and appropriate action is a copy of the
"California Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan" prepared jointly by
a committee of state agency representatives formed at the request of
Governor Reagan to examine the State's response readiness in such sit-
uations.
The Plan is a State extension for oil spills of the "National Multi-
Agency Oil and Hazardous Materials Pollution Contingency Plan," and
replaces the earlier "Marine Chemical Spill Disaster Plan" to which
the State is signatory.
The Plan provides for the State's response organization and actions
in all instances of major oil spill whether or not the circumstances
reouire activation of the National Plan.
Local agencies which may be involved in or concerned with a major oil
spill should be familiar with the provisicr-s of this Plan.
Please return the enclosed form acknowledging receipt of the Plan by
November 26~ Comments and/or suggestions are solicited and will be
considered for incarloration in future xevisions_
~~
CHARLES P. SAMSON, Director
Enclosures
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EL CAJON VISTA SAN MARCOS ~/ ~y
RLSBAD CORONADO ESCONDIDO ~ ~D j LA MESA OCEANSIDE COUNTY OF
ULA VISTA DEL MAR IMPERIAL BEACH D `~ NATIONAL CITY SAN DIEGO SAN DIEGO
J
7939 JOHN TOWERS AVENUE, GILL ESPIE FIELD, SANTEE, CALIFORNIA 92071, PHONE 448-4611
February 4, 1970
T0: Charles E. Martin, Carlsbad Civil Defense Director
Gordon E. Thorn, Chula Vista Civil Defense Director
Robert L. Wynn, Coronado Civil Defense Director
Jack E. Shelver, Del Mar Civil Defense Director
T. R. Parks, Imperial Beach Civil Defense Director
C. Osburn, National City Civil Defense Director
Franklin W. Lilley, Oceanside Civil Defense Director
Walter Hahn, Jr., San Diego Civil Defense Director
David K. Speer, San Diego County Public Works Administrator
Joseph C. O'Connor, San Diego County Sheriff
Don L. Nay, San Diego Unified Port District
SUBJECT: California Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan
Information. Enclosed is your copy of the subject plan that has been prepared by a
committee of state agency representatives.
Information regarding the responsibilities of local authorities are described on
Page 6 (paragraph A) of the plan. Local government responsibility is confined to
oil spills on their own uplands or own non-navigable inland waters.
Action. Please sign the acknowledgment form that is the first page after the covering
letter by the California Disaster Office --- and mail it to me by the self-addressed
envelope.
No Cost Obligation. You assume no cost obligation by signing the acknowledgement form.
Pages Al and A2 describe the agreement between and among Federal and State agencies.
Port and Harbor Authorities have operating arrangement with the U.S. Coast Guard for
joint operations in the event of an oil spill.
Organization Charts & Relationships.
Page 8. Non-Navigable Waters - (State Agenc Direction). In the absence of defined
and specific work expectations in the plan it appears that "local government"
responses would be at their own and reasonable discretion (own manpower and equip-
ment, at own cost).
Page 9. Navigable Waters (with Industr where responsible) - U.S. Coast Guard
Direction. and
Page 10. Navigable Waters (without Industry participation) - U.S. Coast Guard
Direction. These two charts are alike except for "Industry". "Local Government"
responses would be the same as described above for the chart on page 8.
Legal Recommendation. The enclosed plan provides information about intentions and
agency relationships. However, there seems to be an absence in specificity about cost
and legal obligations that could be encumbered on the agency or on an industry that
may cause a significant oil spill. For this reason, (after you have sent back the
acknowledgment form) you may want to refer the enclosure to your City Attorney for
his information.
IN'- R. `Mc-'~
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. June lq,lye9
CALIFORNIA OIL SYIId. DIBASTIIt COl~iTIIdGYNCY PLAN
COI~ffi~1TS
PAGE
I. Introduction and Objectives ................................................. 1
II. Definitions, Duties and Organization ........................................ 2
A. Disaster ................................................................ 2
B. Oil ..................................................................... 2
C. Oil Spill Disaster ...................................................... 2
D. Support ................................................................. 2
E. On-Scene Commander (OSC) ................................................ 2
F. State Operating Authority (SOA) ......................................... 3
G. State Support Team (SST) ................................................ 3
H. State Operating Team (SOT) .............................................. 3
I. Operations Center (OC) .................................................. 4
J. State Interagency Oil Spill Committee (SIOSC) ........................... 4
III. Operational Responsibilities ................................................ 6
A. Local Authorities ....................................................... 6
B. U.S. Cogst Guard ........................................................ 6
C. State of California ..................................................... 6
D. Federal Regional Operating Team ......................................... 7
E. Organizational Charts ................................................... 8
IV. Alerting Procedures ......................................................... 11
A. Alerting Chart .......................................................... 11
V. Operations .................................................................. 12
A, Warnings and patrols ..................................................... 12
B. Establish Operations Center ............................................. 12
C. Gather information ...................................................... 12
D. Secure, contain and abate spill ......................................... 12
(1) Securing source .................................................... 12
(2) Containment ........................................................ 13
(3) Removal ............................................................ 13
(4) Disposal ........................................................... 13
(S) Cleanup and rehabilitation ......................................... 13
E. Information Center ...................................................... 14
F. Evaluation Center ....................................................... 14
VI. Appendix
A. Cooperative Agreement
(1) Signatories
B. Telephone Numbers
C. Paper on Oil Spill Control
D. Summary of State Legal Capabilities
E. Funding (State of California)
F. Ship Salvage Authority of the U.S. Navy as related to oil
spill emergencies.
G. Recommendations for Local Contingency Plans
Io
Introduction and Objeetives
The principal objective of this "California Oil Spill Disaster Contingency
Plan" is to reestablish an integrated and effective State organization to
combat massive oil spills in and about the State of California, Included
are all major elements, public and private, which have significant resources
and technical knowledge which may be required or utilized in the public
interest to combat such a spill. Operations under the plan will be directed
toward the preservation of the lives and health of the civil populace, the
protection of public and private property and the preservation of natural
resources.
The plan will replace the "Marine Chemical Spill Disaster Plan" (1968),
insofar as oil spills are concerned, This earlier State plan was a positive
forward step and contained many excellent features which have been incorporated
herein; however,it relied on the U.S. Coast Guard for centralized coordination
of State agency efforts. The subsequently-issued "National Multi-Agency Oil
and Hazardous Materials Pollution Contingency Plan" for coordinating the
Federal response to spill disasters necessarily took precedence with the
Coast Guard and governed that agency's response during the Santa Barbara
incident of early 1969. With the Coast Guard committed to the national
plan, State efforts were left without pre-designated central coordination
during this incident. This plan is designed to correct that deficiency so
that the State contingency organization can either function independently
or function more effectively with the. Coast Guard and/or within the national
contingency plan organization.
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II.
Definitions, Duties and Organization
A. Disaster: A calamity from any cause, natural or man-made, of such
extent and severity that large numbers of persons are imperiled and/or
vast quantities of property or natural resources are threatened,
damaged or destroyed. Implicit in the term is the requirement to
marshal and employ the resources of numerous organizations, public and
private, civil and military, to minimize and recover from its effects.
B. Oil: For the purposes hereof, this includes petroleum, petroleum
products, sludge oil refuse and any other oil-like substance which
when spilled or discharged in large quantities presents an imminent
or immediate substantial hazard to public health, safety or welfare,
to natural resources, or to public or private property.
C. Oil Spill Disaster: The discharge of large quantities of oil which
presents an imminent or immediate hazard to public health, safety or
welfare, to natural resources, or to public or private property, of
a magnitude greater than the mitigative capabilities of local organiza-
tions.
This term does not include small oil discharges which cause only minor
pollution of a local nature and which constitute no major hazard. Such
discharges are of interest primarily from the law enforcement aspect
by the local, State or Federal agency or agencies having jurisdiction.
D. Su ort: The furnishing of resources such as: technical expertise
including legal counsel; personnel; equipment and material; and the
delegation of the authority necessary to direct the effective utiliza-
tion thereof.
E. On-Scene Commander (OSC): That person or organization charged with the
responsibility and delegated commensurate authority for planning and
directing the overall operations of all organizations engaged in combating
an oil spill disaster; specific operations, however, will be conducted
under the supervision of the respective organizations.
For spill disasters affecting navigable waters, the U.S. Coast Guard will
normally be the OSC. If a Regional Operating Team is activated under the
provisions of the national contingency plan, the Regional Operating Team
will be advisory to OSC. Under the leadership of the OSC, the State
Operating Authority shall direct all State and local government agency.
oil spill disaster operations.
For all other oil spill disasters, the State Operating Authority shall
be the OSC.
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F. State Operating Authority° (SOA}: That perso:: charged with the
responsibility and delegated commensurate authority for planning
and directing the coordinated overall operations of all State and
local goverrunerst agencies engaged in ccmhating an oil spill disaster,
and to coordinate these operations with those of Federal agencies and
private organizations. He shall be delegated such authority as may
be necessary to effectively carry out this responsibility by, and shall
serve at the pleasure of, the State Support Team.
The SOA shall be a department d°irector, deputy director or equivalent.
He shall be designated for the ensuing calendar year on or before each
January 1 by the State Support Team which, however, may designate a
new SOA at any time subject to giving thirty (30} days notice to the
parties signatory to this plan whenever a new SOA is designated. A
designated SOA shall serve until replaced. He shall have a First and
Second Alternate all of whose names and telephone numbers shall be
included on a:,y ~;c~tices provided he:eina~.~otie.
Either the SOA or one of his alternates shall. be available for immediate
communications contact at all times,
The Director of the Department of Conservation :5ha11 be acting SOA
until January 1, 1970 unless otherwise designated prior to that time.
G. State Support Team (SST); This team censs+,a of; the Secretary for
Resources, who shall be chairman; the Secretary for Agriculture and
Services; the Secretary for Business and Transportation; the Secretary
for Human Relations; the A*tc~rnev Lenexa;~ the. Director of the California
Disaster Office; State Adj~ltant Genera];anc the ~)irector of the Department
of Finance.
The State Support cream s?la ~3.>s i;;na:e the SOr1 from time to time as
specified above, and sha31 pro~.'ide h3.rr with such support, including
authority, as he may propexl~~~ need t~ meet his responsibilities.
H. State Operating Team (SOT): i~.is on-scen.• team shall provide technical
advice, operating personnel. aa:~,d ~~-quiYment, and general counsel to the
SOA durine oil spill disasters. Within SOT there will be an operational
element consisting of one respresentative from each of the following
agencies or organizations: Sta*_e Water Resources Control Board, Department
of Fish and Game, Department of Conservation, ;torte Lands Division, and
local government.
Such additional support trc+m ott+er Stat-e agencies as the SOA may properly
require shall be provided through the SST.
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~~7 / t
When the SOA is also the On-Scene Commander, a representative of the
industry most closely affected by the oil spill (preferrably from the
company involved, if any) shall also be a member of the operational
element of the SOT.
A representative of the California Disaster Office, as a member of the
SOT, shall work directly with the SOA and provide for early alerting,
other communications services, public information .and public relations
services and progress reports to the Governor's Office.
State agency members of the SOT shall be designated by their respective
agency heads. The local government member shall be as specified by the
local contingency plan or as otherwise designated by local authorities.
The industry member shall be designated by the company involved or other-
wise by the industry association deemed most appropriate by the SOA.
I. Operations Center (OC): The Operations Center shall be oil spill disaster
headquarters for the SOA and the State Operating Team, The SOA, in
cooperation with the California Disaster Office, shall select facilities
as near as practicable to the spill site considering such factors as
accessibility, communications facilities, location of operational units
and safety.
The Operations Center may be relocated at any time by the SOA after 24
hours notice (if possible) to all organizations directly concerned.
J. State Iateragency Oil Spill Committee (SIOSC): This standing committee
is hereby created and shall function until dissolved by the State Support
Team.
SIOSC shall be responsible for the following;
(1) Establishing and maintaining liaison with Federal, local, and regional
public and private organizations engaged in oil pollution prevention
and control;
(2) Coordination between State agencies and other organization in day-to-day
procedures and practices relative to the prevention and mitigation of
pollution from oii discharges;
(3) Reviewing this plan at least once yearly to consider the affect of newly
enacted legislation, for consideration of suggested amendments and
additions, and for circulation of recommendations for same to the parties
hereto;
(4) Reviewing contingency plans of other organizations; and
(5) Recommending necessary research, development and testing by the
appropriate organizations of materials, equipment and methods related
to oil spill prevention and control.
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The SIOSC shall consist of the SOA, as Chairman, and as regular members,
a representative and alternate from, and appointed by the head of, each
of the following agencies; Department of Fiah and Game, Department of
Conservation, Plater Resource Control Board and State Lands Division. A
California Disaster Office representative shall participate in all
contingency plan considerations. In addition, the SOA may request other
agencies to be represented from time to time as appropriate.
SIOSC shall meet annually in October at the call of the Chairman and at
any other time at the request of the Chairman or of any two regular
Committee members.
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III.
Operational Responsibilities
A. Local Authorities; Action to abate oil spills on uplands or on non-
navigable inland waters, unless otherwise governed by statute, is the
primary responsibility of local government. Local authorities must
take all necessary action to rescue and evacuate endangered citizens;
secure, contain and abate the spill; alert the SOA and/or Coast Guard;
and enforce the security of the affected area. Personnel from the
industry involved in the spill can be expected (or may be required by
law) to exert all possible efforts to mitigate the spill; local author-
ities may need to support industry efforts with personnel and equipment,
particularly from fire departments and law enforcement agencies. The
existence of a local or regional oil spill contingency plan will expedite
operations. Establishment of a central operations and communications
center will greatly aid coordination of the various operational elements
which may be employed, including State and Federal agencies.
g. U.S. Coast Guard: In the event of oil spills on navigable waters, the
Coast Guard has a primary responsibility to take mitigative action in
accordance with standard operating procedures. Local authorities and
the SOA should be alerted and prepared to provide assistance as requested.
Local authorities should take all possible steps to abate the affects
of oil and oil contaminated materials which reach shore regardless of the
origin of the spill.
C. State of California; Upon notification of an oil spill (see part IV),
the State Operating Authority will ascertain all available facts regarding
the spill by communication with local authorities, State personnel on the
scene or in the area, the Coast Guard if involved, and by any other avail-
able means. If it appears that State assistance is or may become needed,
he shall alert the State Operating Team and the Chairman of the State
Support Team and proceed, or dispatch a representative, to the scene. The
SOA or his representative will then establish an on-scene communications
base, monitor operations at the spill site, and furnish technical assistance
from State agencies as required.
At his discretion, the SOA may partially activate the State Operating Team
to act in an advisory capacity. If a neefl for major State efforts is indicated,
he shall, with the approval of the State Support Team, declare the existence
of an "oil spill disaster" and fully activate the State Operating Team. At
this point, if the Coast Guard is not already actively involved, the SOA
becomes the On-Scene Commander for all spill-related operations. Otherwise,
he shall direct State and local agency operations under the leadership of
the Coast Guard On-Scene Commander. Depending upon the gravity of the
situation, he may recommend that the State Support Team request the Governor
to proclaim a State of Disaster.
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D. Federal Regional Operations Team: If, in the judgement of Federal
authorities, the magnitude of the spill disaster exceeds the miti-
gative capabilities of the otherwise available forces, o~ if the
spill originates in an area under Federal jurisdiction, the "National
Multi-Agency Oil and Hazardous Materials Pollution Contingency Plan"
will be activated. A Regional Operations Team will be formed which
will be advisory to OSC. The SOA will function directly under the
On-Scene Commander with the continued responsibility of directing
State and local agency operations. Unless the spill is primarily on
State-owned lands, the industry representative, otherwise on the
State Operating Team, will at the request of the On-Scene Commander
function directly under him.
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E. Organization Charts:
(1) State Operating Authority as On-Scene Commander. (Spill not on
navigable waters, national contingency plan not activated.)
ao
I STATB '
SUPPORT
I ~~ I
oN-scBNE p01~NAI~®ER
STATE
OPERATING
AVIFDRITY
STATE OPERATING ~ TEAM (SOT)
COMTROL~EOARD~ I I C~ONSER~ION I I FISH L CAI~~ I I DIVI1S IONS
CALIFORNIA
DISASTER
OFFICE
OTNBR I I LOCAL
STATE ~R~~
ACfSICI65
INDUSTRY
~- _ _ ~
(2) U.S. Coast Guard as On-Scene Commander. (Spill primarily on
navigable waters of the State of California, national contingency
plan activated.}
ON-SCENE CQ~NANDER
U.S. COAST GUARD
1
STATE
I SUPPORT
6 TEAM
CALIFORNIA
DISASTER
OFFICE
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n, WATER RESOURCES
t j ~ CONTROL BC11RD
~~,
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f {~ ;
DEPARTMENT OF
CONSERVATION
STATE I ~ FEDERAL
CiPERATZNG I` AGENCY
AUTHORITY
STATE OPERATING TEAM
DEPARTMENT ~)F STATE LANDS
FISH & GAME DIVISION
FEDERAL. REGIONAL ~ OPERATING TEAM
FEDERAL
AGENCY
OTHER I I LOCAL
STATE GOVERNMENT
AGENCIES
FEDERAL
AGENCY
I NDUS TR Y
(3) U.S. Coast Guard as On-Scene Commander. (Spill primarily on
Federal navigable waters, national contingency plan activated.)
ON-SCENE COMMANDER
U.S. COAST GUARD
I~__ I
I STATE
SUPPORT I
TEAM I
~--- --1
STATE
OPERATING
AUTHORITY
CALIFORNIA
DISASTER
OFFICE
FEDERAL REGIONAL ~ OPERATING TEAM
FEDERAL
AGENCY
FEDERAL
AGENCY
STATE OPERATING TEAM
WATER RESOURCES
CONTROL BOARD
DEPARTMENT OF
CONSERVATION
DEPARTMENT OF I I STATE
FISH & GAME LANDS
DIVISION
OTHER
STATE
AGENCIES
INDUSTRY
LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
1
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IV.
Alerting Procedures (see diagram)
In the event of a major oil spill or serious threat of such spill in or about
the State, those w:io first become aware o~ same should immediately warn any
endangered persons in the affected area and notify local authorities, the
Cali=ornia Disaster Off ice and/or the nearest U.S. Coast Guard Sta%ion.
If alerted first, local authorities should immediately notify the State
Disaster Office, Sacramento (916) 445-6231 or 421-4990 and, if the spill is
in or near navigable waters, also notify the nearest U.S. Coast Guard
station. Local authorities will disseminate additional warnings to the
general public in the area. The State Disaster Office, however noi;ified,
will immediately alert the State Operating Authority or one of his pre-
designated alternates, in accordance with the standard operating procedure.
AtFRTING PROC~URB CHART
MAJOR
OIL SPILL
DSfZ-0CTION
ZM~DIATBLY ~\
SNDANlBRBD
CITIZBHS ~~ \
~ ~.
`\ \
`~~\
~~- ~ ~ U.S. COAST
AUTHptITZBS ~~ e ~ ~ ~ e GUARD
DISASTER ~ CONCFRNED
I
OFFICE F®ERAL
AGENCIES
STATE
OPH2ATING
AUTHORITY
1 ALTfiRNAT6 1
1 ALTHRNATE I
CHAIRMAN STATE
STA18 OPERATING
SUPPORT I,~
TiAM
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V.
Operations
Regardless of the make-up of the organisation or the type or location of
the oil spill, certain basic operations will need to be carried out. The
employment of any or a combination of the •ugRested measures will be under-
taken only after technical advice has been sought and all considerations of
safety, feasibility, availability of material and equipment, side effects
and conseQUences have been made. Some of the following operations may be
conducted a step at a time, but many will of necessity be carried out
simultaneously.
A. Warnings and Patrols
Issue warnings to threatened areas and establish spill perimeter patrols.
In the case of a major spill, new areas may be imperiled from time to
time as the pollutant spreads or changes course.
B. Operations Center
Select, establish, staff and equip an Operations Center as a base of
operations and communications center.
C. Gather Information
Continuously gather the maximum information concerning the spill: source
and cause, present and potential volumes and rates of discharge, chemical
and physical properties of the pollutant and its present and probable
directions and rates of movement.
D. Secure, Contain and Abate Spill
Formulate and execute plans to secure, contain and abate the spill.
(1) Securing Source:
ltie more quickly and effectively the source is secured, the less
will be the magnitude of all other required operations. This may
require expert technical knowledge in one or more fields such as
engineering, ship ealvaRe, pipelines, oil well drilling or pro-
ducing, refineries, chemistry, geology, water quality or demolition.
It may also require considerable special equipment and materials,
and trained crews. Industry representatives will normally know where
these can be obtained. In cases where the source cannot be immediately
secured, an alternative may be to transfer pollutants from a damaged
enclosure to other facilities.
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(2) Gbntainment•
The spilled pollutant should be contained in the smallest possible
area to reduce contamination and more easily facilitate removalo
In water areas, this will probably involve the use of booms or
caissons, and/or absorbents; on land this may involve the use of
levees, ditches, pits and/or absorbents.
(3) Removal•
Gross quantities of the pollutant will need to be removed or
dispersed, On water, this may require skimming and/or pumping
equipment and storage vessels (these may require towing); dispersant,
solvent, chemicals, absorbents, or biological cultures (these will
all require application equipment). On land, this may require pumping,
scraping, earthmoving, steaming or flushing equipment; solvent,
chemicals; or absorbents and raking or scooping equipment. Burning
may or may not be practical or acceptable either on water or land
areas, depending on the composition and location of the material and
local air pollution regulations.
(4) Disposal•
The oil and contaminated materials will require safe disposal. Some
liquids may be treated and reclaimed if facilities are near at hand;
some may require burial or subsurface disposal with or without prior
treatment. Established disposal sites such as county or city dumps
may or may not accept contaminated material, particularly if it is
saturated or super-saturated; under-saturated material will generally
be more acceptable. Disposal and/or treatment si*_es can become a
severe problem, Disposal sites should be pre-determined by local
contingency plans if at all possible. Burning may or may not be
practical or acceptable depending on the composition and location of
the material and local air pollution regulations. On-site burial by
discing or other methods may or may not be feasible. Most disposal
methods will require hauling, loading and other heavy equipment,
Care must be taken to avoid polluting underground or surface water
supplies.
(5) Cleanup and Rehabilitation:
The final operational phase will be clean up and rehabilitation
of the affected area. Depending on the effects of the spill,
this may involve steam-cleaning, re-soiling, re-vegetation, re-
seeding oyster beds, leveling or reconstruction of buildings and
engineering works, re-establishment of kelp beds, etc,
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All of the above operations will require logistic support such as:
provisions, materials and equipment, transportation, loading, unloading
and storage facilities, and security provisions for same; communications;
personnel, and messing and berthing facilities for same; semi-continuous
surveillance of the spill and its movements by aircraft, vehicles and/or
boats; sampling and analysis; equipment maintenance; weather and sea
forecasting for spill plotting and drift prediction; medical services;
collection and recordation of data (including photography) on a day-to-day
basis; legal counsel; and administration, record keeping, funding and
accounting.
E. Information Center
As soon as practicable, a separate information center should be established
near the Operations Center. The staff of the information center should
compile a factual, detailed chronology of the disaster, mitigative actions
taken and related events and circumstances. It should file daily situation
reports to higher authority and interested agencies, and disseminate
evaluated information to the news media and the general public. During
State spill disaster operations, the information center will be under the
direction of the California Disaster Office, a representative of which is
a member of the State Operating Team.
F. Evaluation Center
In the judgement of the State Operating Authority, it may be advisable
to establish a separate evaluation center, Abatement methods, materials
and equipment submitted by various companies and the public can receive
preliminary evaluation here. Evaluation Center activities should be
directed by a member of the State Interagency Oil Spill Committee.
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,~
APPENDIX A
TO
"CALIFORNIA OIL SPILL DISASTER CONTINGENCY PLAN"
APPENDIX "A"
Cooperative Agreement to Establish
Tt-e
"California Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan"
THIS AGREEMENT by and between the undersigned agencies of the State of
California, and acknowledged by other signatory organizations, will
establish contingency operating and supnnrting organizations for the
coordination of activities to effectively secure, contain and abate
disasterous spills of petroleum, petroleum products and other bil-like
materials (hereinafter collectively referred to as "oil") in and about
the State of California, said plan to be entitled "California Oil Spill
Disaster Contingency Plan",
WITNESSETH: Each of the parties hereto has interest, authority and/or
responsibility concerning the effects of a massive oil spill in and
about the State of California, and each desires to cooperate in the
employment of the forces, equipment, material and expertise in their
various establishments, districts, regions and agencies in the event of
a mRSSive oil spill which constitutes a disaster.
The land, districts or regions of the parties hereto are concurrent,
adjacent or contiguous so that cooperative action in an oil spill disaster
is feasible, and the jurisdiction and authority ui~ sor.;e of the parties
over certain areas is concurrent.
In the interest of the safety and well-being of the citizens of California,
it is the policy of the parties hereto and of their governing bodies to
conclude such agreements whenever practicable, and it is mutually deemed
sound, desirable, practicable and beneficial for the parties to this agree-
ment to act in cooperation with one another in accordance with these terms.
THEREFORE BE IT AGREED THAT:
1. Whenever an uncontrolled discharge of large quantities of oil occurs
in and about the State of California such that there is created or
threatened a widespread hazard to human life, natural resources, or
public or private property, each of the parties hereto will proceed
in accordance with the "California Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan"
attached hereto.
2. In taking coordinated or cooperati~~e action in accordance with the Plan,
the parties assume no responsibility for failure of equipment or personnel
in any particular instance where action is taken.
3. Unless funding arrangements have been stipulated between
costs incurred by a party in responding to any actual or
spill disaster for or on behalf of another party shall be
responding party.
A-1
parties, the
potential oil
borne by the
__ ,
k.,
,.
4. The obligations of the parties hereto shall be subject to statutory
limitations on their authority and the availability of funds, per-
sonnel, equipment and material.
5. The organizations, agencies or forces of the parties to this agreement
are invited and encouraged, on a reciprocal basis, to exchange informa-
tion and to witness, participate in, or jointly conduct tests and
demonstrations of procedures and techniques for the development,
application and use of products and equipment which may be employed in
response to an oil spill disaster.
6. Each of the parties hereto shall review this plan at least once each
year. Suggested changes thereto or supplementary detailed plans and
procedures of operations necessary to more effectively implement the
purposes of this agreement shall be submitted to the State Operating
Authority for the consideration of the State Interagency Oil Spill
Committee. Amendments or additions to the plan as recommended by the
committee shall be circulated and become effective upon ratification
by the signatory parties.
7. State agencies party hereto shall assist in planning and conducting
such exercises designed to test this Contingency Plan as the State
Operating Authority may, with the approval of the State Support Team,
request. Other organizations signatory hereto shall cooperate in such
exercises to the extent permitted by their regular duties and other
obligations.
8. This agreement shall remain in full force and effect until cancelled
by mutual agreement of the parties hereto or by written notice by one
party to the other parties, giving thirty (30) days notice of said
cancellation.
9. This agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts and, for
all practical purposes hereof, all such counterparts shall be considered
as one agreement.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF. the undersigned State agencies have executed and are
bound by this agreement subject to the provisions hereinabove; the Federal
agencies signatory hereto hereby acknowledge this plan, approve its pur-
poses and agree to cooperate in its implementation to the extent that their
respective authoriti°s and o*_her obligatior_a ma;~, from rime-to-time, permit;
and the Associations signatory hereto hereby acknowledge this plan, approve
its purposes and agree to distribute copies hereof to their respective
members with the request that each member, or regional groups of members,
prepare its or their local contingency plan, compatible herewith, and
forward a copy thereof to the State Operating Authority on or before
December 1, 1969.
A-2
STATE AGENCIES:
California Disaster Office
by:
Title• Date•
Department of Finance
by:
Title: Date•
Military Department
by•
Title: Date; _
Department of Justice
by:
Title•
Attorney General
by:
Department of Harbors and Watercraft
by:
Title• Date•
Department of Parks and Recreation
by•
Title• Date•
Department of Water Resources
by:
Title• Date•
State hands Commission
by;
Title• Date•
Water Resources Control Board
by:
Title: Date; Title: Date:
Resources Agency Department of Fish & Game
by• by•
Title: Date: Title: Date:
Air Resources Board
by;
Title• Date•
Department of Conservation
by:
Title: Date•
State Environmental Quality Council
by:
Title• Date:
Date;
A-3
~ , a~,
Agriculture and Services Agency
by;
Title• Date:
Department of Agriculture
by;
Title• Date•
Office of the Fire Marshal.
by•
Title• Date•
Department of General Services
by;
Title; Date:
Business and Transportation Agency
by:
Title: Date•
California Aighway Patrol
by;
Title• Date:
Department of Public Works
by:
Title• ns+*P?
Public Utilities Commission
by:
Title:
Date:
Human Relations Agency
by:
Title: Date°
Department of Industrial Relations
by:
Title• Date:
Department of Public Health
by:
Title:
Date•
A-4
FIDERAL AGENCIES:
Office of Emergency Planning
by;
Title• Date•
Office of Science and Technology
by;
Title; Date:
Office of Civil Defense
by:
Title• Date•
Dept. of Defense
by;
Title• Date•
Corps of Engineers
by:
Title: Date:
Twelfth Naval District
by;
Title:
Date
Dept, of Transportation
by:
Title: Date:
Eleventh Coast Guard District
by:
Title• Date•
Twelfth Coast Guard District
by:
Title: Date•
Dept, of Interior
by•
Title: Date:
Sixth U.S. Army Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
by:
L _- .
~y.~
Title• Date•
Title: Date•
Eleventh Naval District Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration,
by: Southwest Region
Title• Date: by•
Title: Date:
A-5
/~~ y.' % ~
t~
U.S. Geological Survey
by;
Title;
USGS,Conservation
and Gas Opera
by:
Title•
Fish and Wildlife
Date•
Division~Branch of Oil
tions - Pacific Region
Date•
Service
by;
Title:
Date•
Bureau of Land Management
by;
Title• Date;
Bureau of Reclamation
by:
Title: Date:
National Park Service
by;
Title• Date:
Department of State
by;
Tir.le• Date•
Department of Health Education and
Welfare
by•
Title: Date;
Public Health Service
by;
Title• Date-
Department of Agriculture
by;
Title• Date^
Forest Service
by:
Title• Date:
Department of Commerce
by:
Title; Date•
Weather Bureau
by•
Title; Date:
Environmental Science Services
Administration
by;
Title• Date;
A-6
ASSOCIATIONS:
County Super, ~,>c ;~~ ., ,+ d_ r ~,~
by:
Title: Dade:
League of Cali=crnia Cities
by:
Title: Da:e~
Western Oil and Gas Assc>ciaiic~:rt
by:
Title: A~3t,~ q
~- f 1
i
APPENDIX "B"
Emergency Telephone Numbers:
(To be completed on implemention of plan)
B-1 !"~_~? ~~
AkPENbIX "C~'
OIL SPILLAGE CONTROL
W. H. Swift, C. J. Touhill and P. 1.. Peterson
Battelle-Northwest, Richland, Washington
Preprint SO A
Presented at the
Symposium on Water Conservation and Pollution Control-Part II
SIXTY-FOURTH NATIONAL MEETING
New Orleans, Louisiana
March 16-20, 1969
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
345 East 47 Street, New i ark, New York 10017
C-1
~C~~l
C)
N
INTRODUCTION
A great deal of attention recently has been focused on the
growing potential of major oil spillage. Increased size of oil
tankers, density of waterborne traffic. and offshore petroleum pro-
duction operations all indicate the need for advanced planning for
prevention and control of oil spillage accidents, and for the de-
velopment of defensive measures in the event accidents do occur.
A fairly substantial body of knowledge has been accumulated
to the area of oil spillage control. both as a result of recent
experience with major spills and accelerated efforts to Apply exist-
ing and developing technology. This paper is intended as a statement
of the current state of the art of oil spillage control from which
recommendations for research and development can be formulated.
SURVEILLANCE AND PREDICTION OF SLICK BEHAVIOR
One can readily appreciate the critical need for surveillance
and prediction of slick movement of major oil spills. The rate and
direction of movement of the slick as well as the extent of the
affected area must be rapidly and effectively determined if appropriate
action is to be taken to control the spill. In addition, surveillance
is essential if the effectiveness of treatment methods is to be
assessed. Aerial reconnaissance techniques appear to be the most
practical for collecting the type of data needed to make judgments
on the rates and direction of slick movemeits, control measures, and
2
the effectiveness of control. These techniques offer greatest pro-
mise because large areas can be surveyed at near real time.
Presently, aerial photography, despite its obvious cloud -
cover limitations, is the tool which can be most rapidly pressed
into service. Black and white, color, and camouflage film are all
readily at hand, and the methodology of their use does not require
highly skilled scientific assistance. However, such assistance might
be necessary in the interpretation of data.
More sophisticated techniques such as spectrophotometric.
infrared, ultraviolet. radar. and microwave imaging are also avail-
able, but the higher level of sophistication requires the attention
of skilled personnel for both operation and data interpretation.
Microwave and radar imaging techniques appear to offer the best
outlook for all- weather surveillance, particularly for large spills.
Spectroscopic and photographic methods are more useful in low- level,
thin film oil pollution situations. When meteorological data are
added to this capability. accurate judgments should be possible.
The ability to predict the direction, rate of movement, and
spreading of an oil slick in the event of a major release of oil
is important in planning the deployment of defensive forces. This
is important both in connection with actions to be taken imme-
diately following a major oil release and based on real -time or
short -range prediction of environmental conditions, and also in
thorough contingency planning based on seasonal data.
The rate and direction of movement and spread of an oil slick
from a point source is dependent on a number of variables. These
3
include the following in estimated order of importance:
1. Mind direction and speed
2. Sea state
3. Surfact currents
1. Latitude
5. Surface temperature
6. 011 density and viscosity at temperature
7. Volatility
8. Inherent tendency toward emulsification with sea water
9. Volume-rate of discharge at saurce
10. Interfacial and surface tension: spreading pressure.
All these variables are, or can be, time dependent<
In general, slicks wi71 be most stronyly affected Gy wind con-
ditions and can be expected to move at a speed on the order of 2 to
~j IX of the wind velocity and, in the nortern hemisphere, sL ghtly
W
to the right of the wind vector. Little comparative information is
available on the relative emulsification behavior with sea water of
various crude oils and refined products, although this factor is im-
portant in predicting slick hehavior.
CHEMICAL TREATMENT - CDLLECTI7N AND SINKING
Chemical Treatment -- Absorption and Sinking ASents
The literature has revealed that there are nun~erous compounds
and materials available to ::vllect or to sink oil slicks. Four types
of collecting agents have been identified as having been either demon-
strated or suggested for oil slick recovery. These are: 1} floating
absorbents such as straw and sawdust, 2) plastic or other polymeric
LJ
' , ~,
4
w terials such as polyurethane foam, 3) gelling agents, and 4) demul- ~~
sifters.
The literature shows that the following materials have been em-
ployed in actual field situations or in the laboratory with varying
degrees of success:
Collection Agentz
Absorbents
Straw
Sawdust
Rope
Bark
"Ekoperl"
Chrome leather
Polyurethane foam
Polypropylene fiber
Copolymer PVC/PYA
Cotton waste
Absorbent felt paper
Haste paper
Peat
Rock wool sheets
Glass wool
Rayon floss
Sisal String
Congealing Agents
Plastic foam
Plastic film
1(ylon agglutinants
Gelling Agents
Molten wax
Soaps
Demulsifyin9 Agents
(unspecified)
Most of the floating absorbents are in~xper»i~e ar.d can 'va
readily disposed of by either burning or burial. Ho.;;ver, reccve~y cf
oil values from these absorbents is not easily aeconplished. 7ne cse
of plastics or other polymeric rt,aterials, polyurethane in particu'ar,
f']
s
although rather expensive, offers an excellent sglution to the prob-
lem, since no residues are left on the ocean bottom and large quan-
tities of oil can be reclaimed for subsequent use.
Gelling agents that can solidify petroleum materials are in the
development stage and may prove helpful in collecting spilled oil.
Demulsifiers are commonly used in shipboard systems to break
emu)sions in ballast water so that wastewaLzr cleanup can be effected.
Demulsifiers are generally proprietary and are usually compounded by
Edisonian techniques to meet field conditio;~s at the use site.
The function of collection agents is to cause the oil either to
adhere to a solid surface or to react chemically with another liquid,
thus forming a collectable mass. The selection of the type of collect-
ing agent is based upon the desired objectives of the cleanup program.
e.g., efficient oil recovery for reuse, combustion of recovered resi-
dues, or economical and rapid action.
numerous solid absorbents for sinkinl oil are available. Some
of these are:
Sinking Agents
Sand
Brickdust
Fly ash
Lenient
China clay
"Omya' clay
Volcanic ash
Silicone mixtures
Carbonized sand
Vermiculite
Crushed stone
Slaked lime
"Stucco'
The weight of material required per unit of oil and the attendant
logistics problem present practical difficulties. Demersal fish species
may be adversely affected, and resurfacing of the oil mass is generally
probable although it is delayed and slow. The method can be applied
effectively in deep water, e.g., beyond the continental shelf and parti-
cularly in areas not involving commercial fisheries. It is doubtful,
however, that it can be completely effective and probably will require
back-up Dy other methods such as recoverable absorbents. The method
cannot be recommended in shallow waters or in estuaries. particularly
since the collection option can be readily applied 1n these Instances.
In all cases. the spreading of absorbents, polymeric materials,
gelling agents, etc., is materially aided when it can be accomplished
by aircraft. However, experience has shown that greater degrees of success
are apparent when the spill area is confined.
CHEMICAL TREATMENT -- DISPERSIDN
A large number of dispersants and emulsifiers are available,
although little quantitative and comparative information exists. All
such agents are toxic to aquatic life in some degree. but again, compara-
tive data are scarce. The aromatic diluent solvent used with the majority
of these agents may be the principal toxic agent.
B;~sed on review of the aftermath of the TORREY CAnYOti incident, the
majority opinion is against the general use of.emulsifiers, either at sea
or in restoration of the shoreline. This conclusion derives not only
from the ecological considerations but also from practical experience with
detergents in the United Kingdom and France. However, this is a general
(7
to
conclusion, and specific instances may occur where detergents may be the
best defensive measure. This may be particularly true in harbors where
aquatic life is not a factor and where detergents can be employed under
controlled condttions. Provision of effective agitation is a key factor
in the efficiency and effectiveness of detergent emulsifiers. In general,
physical collection is preferred if possible.
BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION OF CRUDE OIL AND
L IONS IN NE OCEAN
A significant question posed as the result of the TORREY CANYON
Incident is the following: If no measures were taken to remove oil spilled
on the surface of the ocean, how long would oil persist? In particular,
Could the microbiological life in the sea metabolize oil, and if so, at
what rate? ZoBell(l~ has concluded that, "Virtually all kinds of oil are
susceptible to microbial oxidation. The rate of such oxidation is in-
fluenced by the kinds and abundance of microorganisms present, the avail-
ability of oxygen, terperature, and the dispersion of the oil in water.
Microbial oxidation is most rapid when the hydrocarbon molecule is in
intimate contact with water and at temperatures ranging from 15 tc JSoC;
some oxidation occurs at temperatures as low as 0°C. An average of one-
third of the hydrocarbon ray be concerted into bacterial cells, which
provide food for many anic.als. The remaining tvo-thirds of the hydrocarbon
is oxidized largely to COZ and F'p0. in the marine environment, oil per-
sists only when protected from bacterial action.
"Based upon rates at which marine bacteria have been observed to
oxidize various kinds of mineral oils under controlled laboratory condi-
tions and upon information on the abundance of bacteria in the sea, it is
T
~~
~•
8 "~' \~
estimated that oil might be oxidized in the sea at rates as high as 100 `~
to 960 mg/m3 day or 36 to 350 g/m3 year."
Smith(2~ has taken issue with the rates of oxidation of oil estimated
by ZoBell. Smith claimed that laboratory experiments sho~.:ed that the rates
may be a high estimate. Nevertheless, it is widely recognized that oil
can be metabolized in the ocean. Even if Zo6ell's estimates are accurate,
it is evident that oxidation rates are slow.
In summary, if environmental conditions, (nutrients, terperature,
oxygen availability) are satisfactory, and if suitable microbial populations
are present, oil will be degraded in the ocean. However, the rates of
hydrocarbon degradation are. slow when compared with those of the oxygenated
derivatives. There has been much speculation recently about the ability
of highly specific cultures to rapidly degrade oil spills, yet a dearth of
specific information is evident.
BOOh1I NG
There are three general classes of barriers that car. De used to
prevent the spread of oil on the surface of the water. These include
floating booms, underwater bubble barriers, and chemical booms. In their
present state of development, all types will at best retain or stop the
spread of oil only in relatively calm waters with little current.
The ability to confine a spill in the area irreedia L ly surround-
ing the source is principally a function of time, availability of equip-
ment, and prevailing environmental conditions. An incid-art that essentially
opened an entire vessel to the sea r~ould involve rapid spreading of the
oil, and there would be little chance of containment equiprent being ,
effective unless it was in the irurediate area and ready for use when the
9
incident occurred. In a more probable case, where the oil release
occurs over several days. the ability to confine the oil to the imme-
diate area would depend largely upon the prevailing sea conditions.
Booming in waters with a sea state greater than 3 is impractical with
presently existing boom designs and even this is suspect if wind condi-
tions are adverse.
For harbors and relatively calm waters, there are several commer-
cially available booms which can contain a spill. Currents in excess of
1 1/2 to 2 knots make booming difficult without extensive skirts and
anchoring systems. Supplementary means of confinement including coagulating
the oil with such absorbing materials as straw, bark, or foamed plastics
to prevent spreading.
('1 Mechanical Booms
1
O+ Floating booms are presently in common use for the control of oil
spillage in many harbors where transfer operations take place. There
are several commercial designs available as well as makeshift methods such
as inflated fire hoses. In general, all mechanical booms have a floating
section consisting of either an inflatable bladder or a buoyant filler
material such as foamed plastic. Below the floating section is some form
of skirt to which ballast or anchors are attached. The floating booms
are used for such operations as confining oil within an area, preventing
the spread or passage of oil, sweeping oil from a particular area. or
condensing a slick into a smaller area.
Oil slicks on the water have a mean surface elevation that is
higher than the elevation of the water surface outside of the slick.
10
A floating slick rill have a difference in elevation. or freeboard, rith
respect to the surrounding water surface according to the equation:
0
FBD = rl - ~ 1 T
`\ Pr
where.
FBD difference in elevation, freeboard
or = density of water
co dentity of oil
T =thickness of oil slick.
Similarly, the oil-water interface will be depressed below the
surrounding surface to.a draft equivalent of:
D oo/ow T
For the case of a typical United States crude oii floating in sea-water.
cw 1.035 gm/cm3, Po = 0.855 gm/cm3
Therefore.
~ 0 B55~
FBD ,1 - ~~ T.
~ ,
or FBD = 0.17 T
and the draft of the slick.
D = 0.83 T
This means that the boom will require a minimum freeboard of
approximately 1/5 and a minimum draft of about 4/5 of the thickness of
the slick to contain the oil in calm conditions. It can easily be seen
why so many makeshift booms without skirts fail by passing the oil under-
neath.
__ _ _ _ _
(~~,
k_
.~~,; `
L"~,
P
11 12
Commercial and make-shift booms are now in usage at practically This type of barrier appears to have considerable merit for fixed
all marine terminals of the United States and Europe, particularly where installations in sheltered waters and has the advantage that entry and
oil transfer operations take place. '"hey are either placed around ships egress of ships is unimpaired. "
during cargo transfer routinely to prevent spread if a spill occurs or Chemical Booming
are quickly available in the event of an emergency. There has been relatively little study on the possibility of en-
The most satisfactory are those which can be stored compactly on hancing or preventing the spread of oil on the water surface by use of
the water and are self-buoyant. wetting or spreading agents. Ambrose(5) states, 'Langmuir showed that
Bubble Curtain Barriers h dro hobic (water-hating) hydrocarbons do not spread well on water, but
Compressed air distributed fron a submerged pipe causes Total that hydrophilic (water-loving) hydrocarbon derivatives spread well.
upwellino with a resultant surface current flowing in both directions This principle is used in putting cetyl alcohol en reservoir water to
normal to the bubble curtain. As long as this net flow toward the oil retard evaporaCion. The cetyl alcohol is hydrophilic and forms a con-
is not exceeded by the free stream cu"rent or overcome by the wind force tinuous, thin, nonvolatile film on the surface of quiet water. kind and
n
i on the oil, the barrier will contain a spill.
v
Underwater bubbles barriers area a relatively recent do:=lcpment
and presently in use. ir, the harbors o` Harburg, Germany anC Tobruk, LiDya(3)
to help prevent the spread of oil fro~~ rcutin~ lording and unloading
operations. Folio.^ng th^ TORP,EY CAU'G"+ i . .ert; a 120Q ft-long bubble
barrier was placeG across the moult. ~. the ~^.cl`ord Piver t.n try to pre-
vent incoming oil. Performance is unmown as nil never reached this
boom.(4) The present units use air up to TOG psi supplied by a compressor
which makes the unit somewhat susceptib'.e to rechanicai failure. A
rapidly deployable system could be developed er•ploying a submerged,
perforated, flexible base buoyed at the surface and supplied with air at
a pressure sufficient to create critical flow through [he perforations.
wave action may disrupt the film and push it down wind, however.
"Addition of relatively small proportions of a hydrophilic compound
(stearic acid, or oleic acid or other hydrophilic compound) to oil may
cause the oil spill to spread over a vast area. Oxidation and bacteria
action will be enhanced by such dispersal.
"On the other hand, if fatty acid is spread at the periphery of
an oil spill the spreading force of the fatty material will repel the
nonpolar petroleum oil and push it into a s~aller area."
Some experimental work by the Naval Research Laboratory was re-
ported by Zisman and Pickett(b) on tests made on wetting agents as Hall
as spreading agents to aid in removing oil flit-s from the surface of the
water. The objective of the work was to find spreadi m agents to reduce
the thickness of a burning oil film to the point that it would not
C]
1
13
sustain combustion or to use these spreading agents to push burning oil
away fron a ship. The results shrnied that the agents were incapable of
spreading burning oil, although they would spread oil films not on /fire.
The spreading agents were ineffective against the wind and could
theoretically push back a layer of oil over about one inch thick Such
spreading agents as oleic acid and stearic acid could De used perhaps
in calm harbors where the quantity of oil was fairly small and a thick
film would not develop.
BURNING
Burning at Sea
If a ship or its cargo cannot be salvaged after a stranding, and if
a large spill is imminent, possibly the most desirable method of control
will be destruction by burning. Preferably this should be done while the
oil is still contained aboard ship. Once oil is on the sea, burning be-
comes increasingly more difficult due to evaporation of the more volatile
components, rapid heat transfer to the water (decreasing the oil tempera-
ture to below the flash point), and to the lack of oxygen supply to all
but the edges of the slick.
following the stranding of the TOFREY CANYON and after salvage
attempts had failed, attempts were made to ignite the oil slicks surround-
ing the ship and to open the decks of the ship and ignite the oil remain-
ing in the holds. Four unsuccessful attempts were made to ignite small
slicks which were believed to be reasonatly thick in the waters around
the TCFP.EY CANYON. Pyrotechnic devices containing sodium chlorate were
employed in these attempts with no sign of ignition of the oil.
14
With regard to burning the oil aboard ship, heavy oils and crudes
tend to burn very slowly if the cargo tanks are not opened to the atmos-
phere. A tanker fire in the Persian Gulf burned for over two months,
after which one half of the cargo remained plus an obnoxious residue.()
In the case of the TORREY CANYON, estimates place the amount of
oil destroyed by burning in situ at between 40,000 and 50.000 tons
(British), or over one-third of the cargo.(8)
The fire had to be reignited several times. Beynon(g) estimated
that in the three days of attacks..."160,000 lb of high explosives.
10,000 gal of aviation kerosene, 3000 gal of napalm and several rockets
had been dropped on the ship." It is pointed out that several of the.
bombs failed to detonate and will continue to present a hazard in the
area. ()
In summary, it was concluded that destruction of the oil by burning
can only be achieved before it is discharged to the sea. Development of
improved demolition devices for opening the tanker deck to expose the
cargo should be explored.
Burning Oil Washed Ashore
The oil coming ashore from the TORREY CANYON proved to be very
hard, if not impossible, to burn in most situations where it was tried.
Some success was reported in burning where there were pools of unemulsified
oil between rocks.(10) Beynon noted: "In places, black oil was present
on rocks and in pools between rocks. The pools were sometimes of 'neat'
oil and sometimes of oil floating on water. It was possible to ignite
is
, these pools by flame gunning, but an equally successful and more con-
venient method was to pour a little flame-thrower fuel into a pool,
mix it a little with the oil, and then apply a lighted match. Pools of
'neat' 011 burned virtually to completion, Dut oil burning on water even-
tually generated enough steam to extinguish the flame and the fire had
to be re-ignited on several occasions after first allowing the water to
cool. Brown oil in pools only burned sc long as the flame-thrower was
present and this applied also to the 'chocolate mousse' on the beaches.
Even when an 'oxygen tile' was used to effect ignition and wood shavings
were mixed with the oil. combustion could not be maintained. It was
possible during these tests to watch water boiling out of the 'chocolate
mousse' but they effected little beyond producing a thick black skin on
the surface. An aLtempL was also made to burn 'chocolate mousse' by
spreading magnesium powder on it and igniting by means of a high tempera-
ture flare. This was spectactular but equally as ineffective as using
n
~ flame-thrower fuel."
~D
A small portable incinerator was effective ire disposing of con-
taminated debris on the beaches of Cornwa3l. It consists of a 40 gal
open-topped steel drum into which a compressed air line enters tangen-
tially and sloping downward rear the tap. This air ;?a._!: `on ; a cyclone
on Lop of the material and fhe low pressure regi,n near the center tends
to hold the flame in contact with the fuel.
SKIMMING.
Several echanice' :e~r.ces ara yr .rr'.~ d ~~,,,.C~caly used to
remove surface oil fram c.lr w,.ter in hs ,., and r,~ter,;a~s. The wcrking
16
principles dif°er according to usage but generally incorporate either
rotating 6rurs. suction devices, or weirs. Several of these devices
are self-propelled recovery barges that can traverse a slick until the.
oil film is pi:kcd up.
An exa.-yle of the rotating drum principal is an oil recovery barge
used in the hartor of Baltimore, Maryland, which is based upon ail ad-
hering to a rotating drum. Because oil and water are relatively immiscible,
only the oil a:-eras to the drum and is removed by a wiper blade. The
system is similar to that used in offset printing: it relies upon the
adhesion, cohesi:^, viscosity, and surface tension of oils and their
repulsion to waver,
It seers likely that the ofl recovery rate of such a system could
be improved by a;;lying a hydrophobic plastic foam "sock" or sleeve to
the primary oil rotery pickup drum. A "wringer" roller would squeeze the
recovered oil f. _- the primary drum,
A recovery barge incorporating the weir principle for oil re-
covery uses ar, e'_'~ztaDle weir mounted on the forward end to induce the
surface oil to .`. 7w into a sump from where it is pumped into gravity
deconting tanks .ith large holes on the bottom to allow passage of the
water out folic"'-.g separation. Recovery is approximately 600 gal }hr
under optimum c.~sitions,
Another r__cvery barge that incorporated the weir principle.skims
oil from the s.,='.e of the water by means of a movicg barge ha~.ing rigid
floating boor; -~ .,,d on both sides cf the G.rg rt•~~s~. l~~nes open acre-
matically who^, _ Ca rye moves forward. ,All flcat~ing nil entering betwee^
the booms will =.~leCt where Lhe boom hinges to th~,. large. From this
LJ
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11
position it is sucked into the barge through a vertical slot extending
below the water surface. In the hold the oil-water mixture is separated
by decanting and the oil is stored. The oil-free water is then pumped
overboard. It has a storage capacity of 20 tons and a pumping capacity
of 100 tons/hr. The water pump can also be used for pumping oil to
shore or into another vessel.
-n recovery barges using suction devices the oii is picked up
from the water with a pump-driven suction apparatus and is pumped to a
settling barge. The water which settles out is automatically siphoned
overboard. Capacity is 30 tons/hr.
All of the present recovery barges have, at best, a capacity of a
few tons per hour under ideal conditions. The efficiency of all types
falls off rather rapidly with increasing wave height, although the rotating
drum device probably suffers the least loss of efficiency when compared
to the others.
TREATF1Et;T AND DISPOSAL OF RECOVERED SLICKS
Technology presently exists whereby recovered oil slicks can be
treated to any degree desired. Although such treatment is possible.
the limiting constraint is either economics or environmental disposal
standards. Improved techniques will evolve mainly through the economic
incentives. For exa~ple, oil reclamation from recovered slicks has not
been exploited. Reclamation is presently merely a function of expediency.
Treatment of recovered oil is likely to use techniques now em-
ployed by the petroleum industry in effectively dealing with wastewater
effluents. These techniques are summarized below as sequential unit
18
operations. The primary stage of treatment mASt often employed for oil-
water mixtures is gravity separation where the lighter-than-water oils float
to the surface and the larger solids settle. The most common device used
is the API separator. Improvements that have been suggested are those
that modify the skinmina or oil collection system.
Most treatment plants which strive for a high degree of efficiency
in the secondary stage of treatment of oil-water employ the following
sequence of unit operations. First, alum or ferric salts are added to
the wastewater. Lime is added when sufficient alkalinity for precipitation
of the iron is not present. The wastewater is then gently agitated or
flocculated to promote interparticle collisions for agglomeration. The
resultant suspension is then allowed to settle in a sedimentation basin.
In some cases where the oii content of the floc is high, flotation is
used. This step is followed by filtration through a rapid sand-filter
or through a multimedia filter.
While the secondary stage process described above is most often used,
coalescence appears to be gaining greater acceptance for similar applica-
tions.
Biological treatment processes, such as activated sludge, trickling
filters, aerated ponds, and cooling towers, are highly effective as a
third or polishing stage of treatment. Experience has shown that the
function of biological treatment as the last step prior to environmental
discharge is highly appropriate.
Techniques for sludge disposal are few. The most common technique
employed is to dewater the sludge by gravity drainage in soil, filtration.
n
1
r-~
r-~
19
or centrifugation. However. care rust De taken to avoid ground water
contamination. The residue is either used as fill or it is incinerated.
In actual practice, many combinations of processes have been used.
Once again. the degree of treat ent is dictated either by econonics or
environmental disposal standards.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH AND DEYELOPrENT
Surveillance
The potential of aerial photography and more especially infrared,
ultraviolet, and microwave imagery in surveillance and oil slick detec-
tion should be evaluated in detail. These techniques are all dependent
on collecting reflected or emitted e'ectromagnetic radiation fron the
surface and recording the intensity variations which are due to the re-
flective quality of the surface, te~;,erature, and type of materials being
observed. Various filtering syste-s should be evaluated to deterr..ine
which portions of the ultraviolet and infrared spectrum would give the
greatest oil-water contrast.
Because microwave imagery has all-weather capability, particular
emphasis should be given to the de:e o~r~ent of this type of surveillance
system, The first step would be an nvestigation of the response of
the microwave imaging system to tie oil-water surfaces. The micrc.+ave
data which are collect_d on magnetic tape may be processed by techniques
used on ultraviolet and infrared i-a,=ry which should eni;ance the micro-
wave radiation intensity variations.
FM-CW radar has sirilar all-..eather capability and should t=
evaluated along with the microwave imagery approach, but the lat±~r should
LJ
20
be given first priority.
Aerial reconnaissance techniques should also be considered for
tracing surface buoys which could be released near the oil spill to
determine the rates of surface currents. A combination with photographic,
ultraviolet, infrared. and microwave imaging techniques should permit
surface current measurements to be made under almost any weather condi-
tion and in a short period of time.
Prediction of Oii Slick Behavior
The behavior and rate of movement of oil slicks on water iz rather
poorly understood despite the importance in deploying defensive measures.
Transport and dissipation are the two pertinent problems.
The direction and speed of an oil slick is expected to yield more
to the wind than to the influence of the ocean current. This is because
of the greater momentum transported to the oii slick by the wind. The
wind and currents are very likely not in the same direction. Water
currents near the surface which are under the influence of the wind are
expected to follow the mathematical representation of the Ekman spiral,
The wind created currents thus flow slightly t; the right of the wind
direction in the Northern Hemisphere. Ptechanically and thermaliy in-
duced ocean currents (i.e., Gulf Stream) would affect the motion of
an oil slick as well. As an oil slick approaches a land rears, a varia-
tion in the motion of an oil slick is also expected.
The dissipation of oil slicks would primarily rely on "storm"
conditions. During periods of high wave and strong wind, the edges of
the oil slick vrould be broken up and carried av;ay. Water and atmospheric
~~.
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21
conditions could be related to this breakup. The area of initial break-
up could be pin-pointed by using Eulerian coordinates or other suitable
coordinate systems. The size of the oil slick and thickness at the center
point may have additional bearing on the rate that an oil slick will
break up, as well as the age of the oil slick.
It is proposed that a correlation of mean wind velocity at the
surface and the mean velocity of the ocean current for various sizes of
ail slicks could be related to the movement of the oil slick. Such a
study could start with relatively small cil Slicks. The resulting hypo-
thesis could be extended to larger oil slicks. Assumptions that are made
as the experiments progress (to larger oil slicks) could be tested.
An initial study of the breakup of oil slicks could be done by
relating the breakup of small oil slicks to mean wind speed and wave size.
This relationship could be extended to irclude fluctuations in the down-
wind and crosswind components of wind speed, and the changing characteristics
of waves related to fetch length. Through photographs and/or infrared
scannir~g of the oi] slick taken by an aircraft flying over the test area,
a study could be made on the rate of breakup and to determine the edge
of the oil slick that breaks up first. Such studies could then be extended
to the concurrent consideration of the parameters of net radiation; tempera-
tures of the atmosphere, the oil, and the ocean; measurements of turbulence;
and measurements of wave heights and character. Once the relation between
these parameters and oil slick breakup is established, determination of
a portion or all of these parameters could provide additional information
on the weakest area of an oil slick. Knowing this weak area, one could
establish where the application of a detergent, and/or other additives
22
or influences could be applied to permit natural forces to act to the
best advantage in dispersion of an oil slick.
Chemical Treatment - Pbsorption
The use of absorbents in cleaning up oil spills should be carefully
examined from the standpoint of objectives. For example. if the primary
objective is economy without regard to potential oil reclamation, then
it is very likely that a different absorbent would be used than if recla-
mation was the prime objective. The requirement of cleanup time should
be factored into the formulation of objectives. If a relatively long
period of time is available in which to undertake control measures, then
a specific absorbent type might be more apparent.
The areas in which sunken oil-absorbent masses would create grave
ecological problems should De defined so that appropriate control decisions
can readily be made. The consequences of sunken oil-absorbent masses
should be documented by a detailed research program.
Absorbent dispersal techniques should be exart~ined. Priority should
be given to those control methods which will be most effective when quick
action is critical because of the limited extent of the affected area:
i.e., aerial dispersal techniques.
It is also recommended that a test and evaluation program using
standardized procedures be initiated to create some order out of the
currently chaotic body of information.
Increased attention should also be given to the development of
economical absorbents which meet predetermined criteria such as ease of
spreading, ease of collection, and ease of oil reclamation or disposal.
23
Chemical Treatment - Dispersion
Although the general use of detergents is not recommended in this
paper. there are situations where such use is warranted. The major need
at present is a test and evaluation program similar to that recommended
for absorbents. In addition, standardized screening for biological toxi-
city and for biodegradability will be rNquired.
The possibility of developing a nontoxic emulsifying agent should
be explored from the biochemical standpoint as should the development of
a detergent with shorter biodegradation half-life. These latter sugges-
tions represent long-range goals.
Biological Dearadatien
The use of specific cultures of microbiological species which can
~ rapidly metabolize oi? should be invest gated. Despite the fact that
~, this has been suggested by numerous sources, there has bt>er, no field
W
experimentation to demonstrate the pre c teal application for oil spills.
in any case, it is doubtful that this measure could be relied upon as the
sole method fur dissipating oil slicks which tnre32er~ lard r. asses.
Methods for enhancing oxygen ava iabiii+y a~~d natrierrt supplies
for accelerated microbial metsbolism shr=old be explored. Drspersal of
nutrient materials and/or thr mechanise u rhev!ii~al addition of oxygen
to the slick area should he examine in dotal?.
The mechanism; of anaerobic deg r;daticn of Bunker, oil masses should
be investigated along with an assessment of potcr,tial .oxicity of inter-
mediate products of degradation. Likew;se the effects of intermediate
products from aerobic environments should be evaluated.
Booming
Booming of oil spills has been a very effective method for contain-
ment of oil slicks 1n sheltered and relatively current-free waters. With
the exception of a few commercial designs, the majority of booms have been
of makeshift design using materials readily at hand. These have been
generally ineffective largely due to lack of understanding of the hydraulics
and dynamics involved.
It seems likely that by approaching boom design through careful con-
sideration of the hydrodynamics and aerodynamics involved, it should be
possible to develop the critical design criteria for a boom to be effective
in comparatively high sea s*_ates. As a minimum, such criteria would ir.clud~~
draft, freeboard, shape, particularly above the watr~~line, linear stresses,
flexibility needs, inertia, and rncoring forces. From this basis; several
candidate designs could then be evolved, screened fog feasibil,ty in tcvs
of materials, costs, and deployability, and the more prrori;ing desigr;s
evaluated in model basin tests. Should resu?is prrvc favoratl::•, ore cr
more prctotype boo^,, could then be evaluated in fie`: tests.
Tl~e bubble curtain barr4er warrants further esa!~.a~ ,., _~~ c~t
mization, rt the present time the limitations on its utility as a result
of current and wave action are not knpNn des;~~te e~h,nical sin piicity
and apparent merit. Should tests confirr~~ its effectiveres~, th.e Cosign
of a bubble curtain system capable of rapid deploy~T ent sh~~,ld to under-
taken. There is an excellent possibility tr,at ir~pr,vad prrrorr,nce can
be achieved by optimizing sub!^ergence, air distribution, and b.bGle s,_e
to achieve maximum local upwelling of water and foe with a minimum of
i1 i-`'
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25
air supply. The addition of surfactants to the air supply, as is done
in ore flotation processes. may greatly increase the air utilization
efficiency, and this potential should be investigated.
Chemical booming. that is, the use of spreading agents, warrants
further evaluation.
Skimming
All presently employed skimming vessels currently suffer from low
rates of oil removal coverage or from inability to operate effectively
' in rough water. It appears likely, however. that an improved skinning
device could be designed based on incorporation of several improvements.
For example, the rotary drum skirtmer is relatively insensitive to wave
action, but it is deficient in rate of removal. This latter drawback
t'~ could possibly be overcome Dy (i) usirg a series of spaced discus rotat-
1
p' ing around a horizontal axis and (2j covering the surfaces of the discs
with a hydrophobic oil absorbent foam. P,oller type wringers would remove
the absorbed and adherent oil from the disc surfaces with each revolution.
Disc diameter would be dictated by the wave heights in which operation
would be desired. Preliminary design cif such a device is recommended.
Disposal of Recovered Slicks
It is readily apparent that the present methodologies used in
treating recovered oil slicks could be materially aided by an information
interchange with other areas of the to :al problem. For example, oil
reclamation is a topic which deserves °ar yreate+ emphasis in the treat-
ment of recovered slicks, yet methods have beer developed by those
interested in removing slicks from the sea which could be directly
26
applied to the recovery problem. If efforts are successful for enhancing
biological degradation in the ocean, then similar techniques could be
used for recovered slicks.
The weakest area in the disposal of recovered slicks is that of
sludge disposal. Increased emphasis on environmental quality will dictate
that improved sludge disposal techniques De developed.
Increased emphasis should also be placed on more effective oil
reclamation throughout the treatment process. Improved primary separation
offers the best possibility for such research.
ACK110WLEDGMENTS
This paper summarizes research conducted by Battelle-Northwest
for the United States Coast Guard under Contract No. TCG-155b0-A. In
addition to the authors, the following individuals contributed signi-
ficantly to the results: G. J. Alkire, C. D. Becker, N. W. Cook, Diana
Davis, C. E. Leach, G. B. Pauley, W. L. Templeton and M. A. Snyder.
_ _ ~~
~ (`,
~~
i7 \ ~'
References
1. ZoBell, C. E., `The Occurrence, Effects and Fate of 011 Polluting
the Sea." Int. J. Air Wat. Poll., voT, 7, pp. 173-198. 1963. ,
2. Sm1th, J. M., 'The TORREY CANYON Disaster," Annual Meeting, 1967,
British Association for the Adv.rneement of Science. September 6,
1467.
3. "Clearing-up the Qil," Petruleuri, 9 95. May/Jane 1967.
4, Dudley, 8. ~. Harbourmaster's Yisit tc. Corn~rali t^_ Study Anti-Oil
Pollution Measures, Milford Havrn douse-van~y B:a~-d. April 25, 1967.
5. Ambrose, H. A. Oil Pollution of ,eas, Coasts and ~srbors, Gulf
Research and Development Cxs~pan~ PePOr No. 170P?OGi. September
1967.
6, Sigwalt, e, "?he Fc-ces !a~'sinc ;,.. ;.'i„g of PK~:..o eum Products or,
Water and ?heir Nest~al'_::iia~ E1 i ,' rf~_> Rend. 259(3},
r-~
~ pp. 56T-64. Duly 2^, 19b4.
7. The ?OP,RfY C,AhYOh, ~e~~~rt ,,r,-ie"+ .. 1 ^... ;- the Secretary of
State for the Nunr u=r;~a rr.=~; cy „ _ _, ;ty, Landon,
Cmnd 3245. A,r: i i•ar,,
[. .~-~it~i. ~, ti' `, re ~iit -.. -. =.9 .u Anr~~3'
England. Si~fa,*'-br~r . _.
9. 8?yr,:-~~. t ''. ,~ - 19~:
lD. .=t~e ,, r '
f2r >• ,.
April l~~G3
APPENDIX "D"
CALIFORNIA OIL SPILL DISASTER CONTINGENCY PLAN
D. Summary of State Legal Capabilities (Spill prevention and abatement)
Administrative Code.
Section 2121; Suspension of Operations. The Lessee shall suspend
any drilling and production operations, except those which are
corrective, protective, or mitigative, immediately in the event of
any disaster or of contamination or pollution caused in any manner
or resulting from operations under a lease. Such drilling and pro-
duction operations shall not be resumed until adequate corrective
measures have been taken and authorization of resumption of opera-
tions has been made by the Commission, (State leases only.)
Fish and Game Code.
Section 851: A deputy appointed to enforce the provisions of this
code is a public officer. He has all the powers and authority of
a peace officer to make arrests for violations of this code, and
may serve all processes and notices throughout the State.
Section 856: All members of the Wildlife Protection Branch desig-
nated by the director as deputized law enforcement officers shall
have the power of peace officers provided that their primary duty
shall be the enforcement of the provisions of this code and the
regulations made pursuant thereto, Such deputized law enforcement
members shall not act as peace officers in enforcing any other law
except to make arrests for crimes committed in their presence, or as
requested by other law enforcement agencies, or upon request pursuant
to Section 1509.7 of the Military and Veterans Code.
Section 878: The county fish and game warden shall enforce the state
laws relating to the protection of fish and game. He has the powers
of a peace officer to make arrests for the violation of such laws.
Section 2014; It is the policy of this State to conserve its natural
resources and to prevent the wilful or negligent destruction of birds,
mammals, fish, or amphibia.
The State may recover damages in a civil action against any person who
unlawfully or negligently takes or destroys any bird, mammal, fish, or
amphibian protected by the laws of this State.
The measure of damages is the amount which will compensate for all the
detriment proximately caused by the destruction of such birds, mammals,
fish, or amphibia.
D-1
"` ~ ~,- f
~~, ~~~!
~ ---
An action to recover damages under this section shall be brought
in the name of the people of the State, in a court of competent
jurisdiction in the county in which the cause of action arose.
This section does not apply to persons engaged i.n agricultural
pest control, to the destruction of fish in irrigation canals
or works or irrigation drainages, or to tkte destruction of birds
or mammals killed while damaging crops as provided by law,
Section 5650: It is unlawful to deposit in, permit to pass into,
or place where it c.an pass into the waters of this State any of
the following;
(a) Any petroleum, acid, coal or cil tar, lampblack, aniline,
asphalt, bitumen, or residuary product of petroleum, or carbonaceous
material or substance.
(b) Any refuse, liquid or solid, from any refinery, gas house,
tannery, distillery, chemical works, mill or. factory of any kind.
(c) Any sawdust, shavings, slabs, edgings.
(d) Any factory refuse, lime, or slag,
(e) Any cocculus indicus.
(f) Any substance or material. deleterious to fish, plant life,
or bird life.
Section 12015: Tn addition to any other penalty provided, an}gone
convicted of unlawfully polluting, contaminating, or obstructing
waters to the detriment of fish life in such waters, shall. either
be required to remove any substance placed in the waters, ~~hich can
be removed, that caused the prohibited condition or to pay the casts
of such removal by the department,
Water Code,
Section 13052; Regional duties
Each regional board, with respect to its region, shall;
(a) Obtain coordinated action in water quality control and in
the abatement, prevention and control of water pollution and nuisance
by means of formal or informal meetings of the persons involved;
(b) Encourage and assist in self.-policing waste disposal programs
for industry, and upon application of any person sha17_ advise the
applicant of the condition to be maintained in any disposal area
or receiving waters into which the waste is being discharged;
D-2
(c) Require any state or local agency to inspect and repo-_t on any
technical factors involved in water pollution or nuisance;
(d) Request enforcement of Laws concerni.n~; water pollution or
nuisance by approprat~> federal, ~`=.te and local al:.t~~ncir~s;
(e) Formulate and adopt long-range plans and policies with
respect to water pollution control and water quality control within
the region in conformity with the policies set fort~l in Chapter 1
(commencing at Section 13000) and any water quality control policy
adopted at any time by the state board;
(f) Recommend to the state board projects for the reduction of
water pollution which the regional board considers eligible for
any financial assistance which may be available through the state
board;
(g) Report to the state board and appropriate local health officer
any case of contamination in its region which is not being corrected,
(h) File with the state board, at its request, copies of any official
action with respect to any particular case of actual or threatened
pollution and with respect to the adoption of any water quality control
policyo
(i) Have the power to require any state or local agency to obtain and
submit analyses of well watero
Section 13053 Prescription of requirementso Each regional board shall
prescribe requirements relative to any particular condition of pollution
or nuisance, existing nr tllr.eatened, in the region,
Section 13055, Investi~atior. of so~~rce cf wate.r pollution or nuisance;
appeal of regional board's detei-;nination,
A regional board may nvestiatc• aav s ~urce of. k-ater pollution or nuisance
within its region. and may require t-'t;at- a.ny person discharging sewage or
other waste within the region furnisl: such tec~r~ical or monitoring program
reports as the board may ~;pecify.
Any person who has been required to make any such reports entailing a
substantial expenditurc_ o£ time or funds or whirl, are not directly related
to the appraisal of the exister:ce ~~r threat of pcllu~~ion may, within 30
days of the determinati~~n of thc, regional. board ire t.l,e matter, appeal such
determination to the state board. The state board. shall. determine the
reasonableness and relatiansl~ips of burdens and costs to benefit of such
report and, within. E:;) days, shall.. affirm, modify, or annul the determination
of the regional board. Pending such. determination by the state board, the
requirement to furnish the reports shall not be effective,
D-3
~' ~~~~ ~ I
Section 13060. Cease and desist orders
When a regional board finds that the discharge of sewage or other waste
within its region is taking place contrary to any requirements prescribed
by the regional board under the provisions of Sections 13053, 13054,
13054.1, 13054,3 and 13055, and that such discharge is threatening to
muse or is causing pollution or a nuisance, the board may issue an order
to cease and desist and direct that those persons, firms or corporations
not complying with the requirements, comply forthwitho
Section 13063. Failure to comply with board order; proceedings for
injunction
Upon failure of any person or persons to comply with any such cease and
desist order of the board, the board issuing the order may certify the
facts to the district attorney for the county in which the discharge
originates or to the Attorney General, as the case may be, shall petition
the superior court in and for that county for the issuance of an injunction
restraining such person or persons from continuing the discharge in violation
of the requirements, The court shall thereupon issue an order directing
the person to appear before the court and show cause why the injunction
should not be issued. Thereafter the court shall have jurisdiction of
the matter, and proceedings thereon shall be conducted in the same manner
as in any other action brought for an injunction pursuant to Chapter 3
(commencing with Section 525), Title 7, Part 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure,
The court shall receive in evidence the order of the board, evidence as
to the validity and reasonableness of the board's requirements as previously
established, and such further evidence as the court in its discretion deems
proper.
Section 13064. Manner of correcting pollution or nuisance; specification
of details in board order. No order issued under the provisions of this
article shall specify the design, location, type of construction or particular
manner in which an operation causing or threatening to cause a condition of
pollution or nuisance is to be corrected, and the person so ordered shall be
permitted to correct the condition in any lawful manner.
Public Resources Code
Section 3013. Construction of chapter: Powers of director and supervisor
generally, This chapter shall be liberally construed to meet its purposes,
and the director and the supervisor shall have all powers which may be
necessary to carry out the purposes of this chapter,
D-4
Section 3106 }?utics. o. -' -
` .; ~~- : ~ ' „< recovery of
un~rgroun ~ydrocar'~,r;:,, ,r;~ ~~ ~-,c- ..F_-. _ a.t~e drilling,
., ,.
operation, maintenance, ~~nd a1 ,c~dc~rune=; r. c f= ~.~-~ - , t -s ~1 ~~~er.t , as far as
possible, damage to underi;rou;~.~ ~;. ar~ci ~~;ay ~} . , f~, ~. infiltrating water
and other causes, loss cf oi;., ~ :s, o~° zf~s:,r..r ~ ~ =..n~,rg,. and damage to under-
ground and surface wavers suita`_,1~T ;~,e~ irb ig~;t;,; ~r dore~tic- purposes by
the infiltration of, or the addition -.f, ~4etr ~~ni:ai suh~>tnnces, by reason
of the drilling, operatl_,, ~, ~ ;;-._,- , -,z c , r,r ;~ ,. ~ ,.a.~ ~'s.
Section 3204. Brilli ng, etc . , bonds : Boris? f~~y .; i .,,, i ~, ~a,, s i : Amount of bond:
Time for filing; Execution of bond; Condit'.c>.~.. I%~~~<rv person who engages
in the drilling, redrilling, nr deepening of an well. shall file with the
supervisor an indemnity bond zn the sum of five L(ict,sar:d dt~liars for each
well drilled, redrilled, or dec~pE~ne-.d. 'file bond s?call h.' ~ filed with the
supervisor at the time of the filing of the nati~c~ cif intention to drill,
redrill, or deepen provided for n section 3~0"~, T}:~ hond shall. he
executed by such person, as principal, and by are a~1ti~~orizc~d surety company,
as surety, conditioned that the principal name`; in the hand shall faithfully
comply with all the prow; ~, i~:,ns ,,f this chapter, i n c:ri 11irr redrilling, or
deepening any well or wells covered by the bona., ancf shall secure the State
against all losses, charges, and t~.xpenses incurred (~~~= i t *c, obtain such
compliance by the principal riarncd in he bond.
Section 3221. Order for shut-~~'f. te.st~ For~r c ~' n-,c~,• Manner of. service•
Compliance. Whenever : t appear, tc} the r~a'ner~~ ~:;:,c- :gat water From any well
is penetrating oil-bearing or gas-bearing str :~,- <,--~ t1~at d~ trimental sub-
stances are infiltrating into undercJrr,und or -.,~-fac.<> water sui*_able for
irrigation or domestic purposes, he ma4r order a ~~~~,*.-nff test and designate
a day upon which the test shall. be held, 'T'~- ~~--'~~;- shall be iY, writing and
served upon the owner ornperator of the ~.ie1I a= Least '..en days prior to
the day designated before the test. [;pc±n recei~~'. > the order, the owner
or operator shall hold t}-~e test ir•. the manner an~i at the rime prescribed.
Section 3224. Order rot Y~ .. {i ~~~: _r.. ~ ~°~,nts; ,Manner
of service: Publicati~=~, i'h::: ~pr~r ,.,a,- ;t,:~?'; r.1c _.. ~, ...sts or remedial
work as in his iadgnFat `:r ,..:+ ,,z _ ~ ~r >~-t ~ ,r;c <._> dc=.posits from
damage by undergrocx~zU w3t~ ~~, <~; t,• ,arc :r~~~-nt :.. ,..,;~ ~~ ~.r~f±nr into under-
ground formations, -~r t~;> r e~.~x, ~ ~_?, ~''~Itr~ i~,~ }.:;r.~nt~,l substances
into underground or st~:~°frir.f~ w<~k ~ > ~-, r_.~_~~ _~~ , , T-~=- ~~ a,,~7 ca- domestic
purposes, to the best into +,-_, ~:~~ _ ~ci , ~ ~ nwr.e~rs and the
public.
The order shall be In ~~~ri =ng, .<;nt,~~ ~,- _i, ;,,,~_, it shall be
served upon the owner .-f ~ ?-,c w rl' , i. . -, c,,:.~ ~ ~~- ,~ , ~ r'~c~r pc•r-
sonall or b mailin a c~~,~= _+~ the ~~._F= :~c~r.ess
given at the time the lcca ~ t;: • ~ ~ _ ; ~ k :: ~ ;i , ~ i ~ ,,. _ it _ ~-
- ~ f,~nt
has been designated, file ~~:- ;: ,,~ 1 ~ +,., , ,.r,-ec ~ , ~; -,•_. ~: c ~pa~ to
the last known post-~ i.cr ~ :+:~; ~ s; ~ ;~ ';~ kr~` ,. - ,_ ;;w.~c:r
is unknown, by posting a c op;r ~iG ~,. r sari cc:~~us ~° ~ ;rc ~ ~~~~p~ r t: t:e prop-
erty, and publ~shinl; i t o~~r.°e. ~.. ~re~,w: , cr two ~i.. t,.. ~ e wt < i., i -
?:
some newspaper of general. ~ i-rcuzation throu•.>l~.~.~c~` f:~~ county in which
the well is located, The order shall specify t~:e candition~ sought
to be remedied and the work necessar~.= +a protect ;~.i.ch d~:^~osits from
damage from underground water,
._
_ ' `' 1 ,'~
Section 3225. Request for definite order after receipt of written
direction: Delivery of order: Form, Whenever the supervisor or a
district deputy makes or gives any written direction concerning the
drilling, testing, or other operations in any well drilled, in process
of drilling, or being abandoned, and the operator, owner, or repre-
sentative of either, serves written notice, either personally or by
mail, addressed to the supervisor, or to the district deputy at his
office in the district, requesting that a definite order be made
upon such subject, the supervisor or the district deputy shall, within
five days after receipt of the notice, deliver a final written order
on the subject matter in such manner and form that an appeal therefrom
may be taken at once to the board of oil and gas commissioners of
the district.
Section 3226. Time for commencement of remedial work, etc.: Pro-
cedure on owner's default: Payment of costs; Lien on property. Within
thirty days after service of an order, pursuant to sections 3224 and
3225, or if there has been an appeal from the order to the board of
district commissioners, within thirty days after service of the decision
of the board, or if a review has been taken of the order of the board
of district commissioners, within ten days after affirmance of the
order, the owner shall commence in good faith the work ordered and
continue it until completion. If the work has not been commenced and
continued to completion, the supervisor shall appoint necessary agents
who shall enter the premises and perform the work, An accurate account
of the expenditures shall be kept, and the amounts shall be paid from
petroleum and gas fund upon the warrant of the State Controller. Any
amount so expended shall constitute a lien against the property upon
which the work is done.
Section 3235. Investigation of complaints; Report and order: Delivery
of copies of order; Contents and service.
Requisites of complaint: Investigation; Report and order. Upon receipt
by the supervisor or by a district deputy of a written complaint, specifi-
cally setting forth the condition complained against, signed by a person
owning land or operating wells within a radius of one mile of any well
or group of wells complained agai.nsr; or upon z ~,~rit*_en complaint specifi-
cally setting forth the condition complained against, signed by any one
of the board of commissioners for the district in which the well or group
of wells complained against is situated, the supervisor shall make an
investigation of the well or wells and make a written report and order,
stating the work required to repair the damage complained of, or stating
that no work is required,
D-6
Delivery of copies of order. A copy of the or:ier shall. ire delivered
to the complainant, or if more tha:, one, t: ~~a,_ti co<<,pl`i~-writ, and,
if the supervisor orders the damage repaired, a copy of ~hr~ order
shall be delivered to each of the owners, operators, or agents having
in charge the well or wells upon which the work is to bP done.
Contents and service of order. The order shall contan a statement
of the conditions sought to be remedied or repaired and a statement
of the work required by the supervisor. to repair th`. cc~::dition,
Service shall be made by mailing copies to suc'~ persons a± the post-
office address given.
Section 3236, Acts denounced as misderneanor~; Punishmert~ Airy
owner or operator, or employee thereof, who refuses t<~ permit the
supervisor or the district deputy, or his inspector, to inspect a well,
or who wilfully hinders or delays the enforcemera of the provisions
of this chapter, and every person, whether as principal, meat, servant,
employee, or otherwise, who violates, fails, neglects, or refuses to
comply with any of the provisions of this chapter, or wh~~ fails or
neglects or refuses to furnish any report or record ~al~ich may be required
pursuant to the provisions of this chapter, or wh:^ wilfully renders a
false or fraudulent report, is guil-ty of a mi_sc~meanor, punishable by
a fine of not less than one hundred dc:l_l.ars, nor more than fryve hundred
dollars, or by imprisonment for not exceeding six months, :~r b.T both
such fine and imprisonment, for each such offense.
Section 4957, Use of camp inmates and wards ir, rescui:;~a and saving
life and protecting property; Cooperation w;_tt: ycr,~l. a~_Ln<~ies,
Conservation camp inmates and wards madr be: uti i i ~~~d ~r; .. ,_ rc_>cue of
lost or injured persons, and the saitr: cf '~ r-f, any? pr<, action of
property. The State Forester may cooperate +: ? ,~-::; f,,~cie=. of
government to accomplish this purpose,..
Section 6829. Terms, conditions and provisic.~ns ~:~ ~~_~ _~:c'itded. Every
oil and gas Lease executed under this chaptej.- sla.li r.nclud: tiiE~ following;
(c) Provisions specifying methods of --~peratior: and standar+~ requirements
for carrying on operations in proper nd woricma:ilic,~~ ;name: t?~e preven-
tion of waste; the protection of the safety tnd hea',.th of *Nori:men; and
the liability of the lessee for personal injury c-4: ar,d ~rcyt?t rt-~ damage.
D-7
(d) Security for faithful performance by the lessee, including
provisions for the forfeiture of the lease, as set forth in Section
6805, and the requirement that the lessee shall, at the time of
execution of the lease, furnish and thereafter maintain a good and
sufficient bond in such sum as may be specified by the commission,
in favor of the State, guaranteeing faithful performance by the
lessee of the terms, covenants, and conditions of the lease and of
the provisions of this chapter. (State leases only.)
Section 6873. Form of lease: Preparation: Contents. When leasing
tide or submerged lands, the commission shall prepare a form of lease
which shall contain, in addition to other provisions deemed desirable
and necessary by the commission, appropriate provisions contained in
this chapter and the following:
(b) Pollution and contamination of the ocean and tidelands and
all impairment of and interference with bathing, fishing or naviga-
tion in the waters of the ocean or any bay or inlet thereof is pro-
hibited, and no oil, tar, residuary product of oil or any refuse of
any kind from any well or works shall be permitted to be deposited
on or pass into the waters of the ocean or any bay or inlet thereof;
provided, however, that this subsection (b) shall not be deemed to
apply to deposit on or passage into said waters of water not con-
taining any hydrocarbons or vegetable or animal matter. (State leases
only.)
D-8
4 ~ ~ ~
APPENDIX "E"
Funding (State of California);
(To be completed by Department of Finance)
E-1
~\ ~~.cx-
,. ~ ~ . .
APPENDIX "F"
SHIP SALVAGE AUTHORITY OF THE U. S, NAVY
AS RELATED TO OIL SPILL EMERGENCIES
As set forth in Public Law 513 (80th Congress, 2nd Session 10 USC 7361, et.seq),
the Secretary of the Navy is authorized to provide, by contract or otherwise,
necessary salvage facilities for both public and private vessels upon such terms
and conditions as he may, in his discretion, determine to be in the best interests
of the United States. In addition to the responsibilities which the Navy would
assume in applying salvage techniques to cope with a potential pollution problem
involving a U. S. Navy vessel, Public Law 80-513 authorizes the use of Navy
facilities for salving public and private vessels at the request of competent
authorityo The following examples are used to illustrate the responsiveness
of Navy salvage forces to pollution incidents and to further delineate the
relationships whereby Navy salvage forces would respond to assist other "com-
petent authorities" in coping with potential pollution problems;
(a) U.S Navy ship aground pollution threat to surrounding environment.
The Navy would acknowledge total responsibility for the operation,
Acting in accordance with promulgated Naval directives, Navy sal-
vage forces would automatically respond to cope with the salvage
aspects of the problem. The Navy would seek USCG and FWPCA assist-
ance to deal with a pollution threat which might exist during salvage
efforts or which might develop should initial salvage efforts prove
unsuccessfulo
(b) Any vessel aground• pollution threat to U. S. Territorial waters.
As provided for in Naval directives promulgated in response to
Public Law 80-513, the Navy may, subject to the availability of
forces, respond to a request from competent authority for salvage
assistance to save the ship and cargo. Provided it has not been
abandoned, arrested, or in some manner come under Governmental
control, competent authority in the case of a merchant vessel will
ordinarily be the ship's master, owner, agent, or authorized under-
writer's representative. In such cases, the customer is the ship's
master, owner, agent or underwriter and the Navy provides salvage
services that are governed by the appropriate Naval directives,
Due regard must, however, be given to the existence locally, or the
reasonable availability, of privately owned salvage facilities.
On the other hand, if a competent Governmental agency, such as the USCG,
FWPCA, Corps of Engineers, Office of Emergency Planning, or a federal
court has stepped into the case, and acting in the public interest to
prevent or minimize pollution, requests Navy salvage assistance as an
evolution of the oil ollution control operation and acknowledge that
it is the "customer", Navy salvage assistance may be provided in
consonance with the provisions of Public Law 80-513a In such cases, the
operation will be considered to be one of cross-servicing within the
Government and the existence of local salvage capability my be considered
subordinated thereto,
F-1
"r; ~~~z~
If the ship has been abandoned it may be expected that some agency of the
local, state, or federal Government will have assumed at least interim
possession and will be in a position to act as competent authority to
request salvage, and act as "customer". In such a case, the operation
will again be considered as one of cross-servicing and it may proceed as
above. Similarly, if the ship has been arrested, the salvage assistance
will be governed by the directions of the competent court.
(c) Wrecked vessel of any flag blocking a U. S. Territory navigation
channel. Under the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1889, the Army Corps
of Engineers has the responsibility for wreck removal and can
exercise this authority, if necessary, prior to abandonment of the
vessel by the owners and underwriters, Accordingly, Naval salvage
forces may respond to a request for salvage assistance from the Corps
of Engineers which would act as the competent authority and "customer"
in such a case.
Even though the Corps of Engineers can deal with the Navy or with commercial
salvors for wreck removal as noted above, it does not have removal authority
solely for the purposes of minimizing leakage of oil or potential oil leak-
age. Anti-pollution action must be taken by the USCG or the FWPCA.
(d) Wrecked vessel of any flag in navigable waters: pollution threat to
U. S. Territorial waters; not blocking a channel. Although current
legislation is imprecise in defining a territorial separation or
overlap in the area responsibilities of the USCG and the FWPCA, both
organizations have broad authorities (in effect and pending) under the
provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and the Oil
Pollution Act of 1924 to prevent, control, and correct the effects
of oil pollution. Accordingly, it is the policy of the Navy to
respond to requests for assistance from either of these organizations
to provide salvage assistance in dealing with potential or actual
oil pollution incidents.
F-2
~, r
California Oi'L Spi1S i~i:::~:? ey° Cr•ntinge_noy Plan
G. Recommendations for Local Contingenc~v Plans:
1, The most important things that a plan can do are to; (1) pre-designate
a local Operating Authority (and an alternate} to take over-all charge
of any local major spi l',. abat.ei=t~:~~ op~rarriarls, and (~1 provide him with
the authority to obtain and direct the personnel and equipment neededo
This should be someone with experience in directing men and equipment,
whether it be the Director of Public Works, Fire Chief, Road Commissioner,
Sheriff, Police Chief or some other local official.
2. A valuable item to the local Operating Authority, particularly at the
beginning of abatement operatians, is a list of up-to-date telephone
numbers: Police, Fire, Health, Road and Sanitation Departments; public
utilities; owners and opexators of heavy equipment including hay mulchers
and blowers; UoSa Coast Guard; Cali.fox°nia Disaster. Office; State Operating
Authority, Corps of Engineers; Highway Patrol; local Civil Defense Office;
Mayor; Board of Supervisors; and any other organization likely to be con-
tacted on an emergency basise
3. Disposal sites can become a real problem. It would be a great help if
the local Coordinator could pre-determine how much of what kinds of
contaminants can be disposed of at what sites in or near his area.
Disposal site conditions change with time; therefore this information
should be periodically up-dated, It should be kept in mind that contam-
inants can get into ground-water or surface water systems if the disposal
site is improperly located, Regional Water Quality Control Boards or
the State Department of Water Resources can provide technical advice on
this aspect of disposal.
4. Uncooperative property owners may refuse access across their land for
crews and/or equipment to reach areas affecr_ed by contaminants. This
happened in some instances a1ar~~; she ';eac'~, ~=r:;;1t in Santa Barbara, It
would be most helpf;rl 'if Cities anti Counlie.~, in the preparation of
their contingency p3.ans, would research t:_~e local law in this regard.
If there is no local suthor.it.y fr?r s~~cl} ac~.ess rigi~ts, enactment of
an ordinance to establish that a~iti~ority s'-tc,t.~ld he recommended to the
local governing body,
5. Local plans should be tailored. ?.o the type ~~f contaminant spill which is
most likely to occur in the iocali.ty, eo~;~, tankers, barges, pipelines,
oil and gas operations, or rail.read tank cars or tank. trucks which transport
oil, gasoline or chemicals.
6. Local spill contingency plans should be designed to either function
independently or to mesh smoothly into the State spill disaster contingency
organization, if activated, or into U.S, Coast Guard spill abatement
operations if local assistance is needed,
G - 1. ,~-7 -- r ,